bio unit 3

stupid

metabolism

the entire set of chemical reactions that sustain life is called

catabolism

large molecules are broken down and ATP is produced in the process of

ribose

the atp molecule contains

the use of ATP by cells began long ago and has been conserved over time

nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that ______

heat

in chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as

entropy

the lid of a container containing gas is removed. As a consequence, the molecule of the gas has more space available to them to spread out. For the gas released from the container, which increases?

the difference in energy between the transition state and the product

the energy of activation of a reaction is:

activation energy

in a reaction, enzymes change the ___

highly specific

enzymes are typically

a site on the enzyme that is not the active site

allosteric inhibitors of an enzyme bind to ____

enzymes catalyze chemical reactions

which statement is true regarding enzymes?

the transition state when the reaction is not catalyzed by an enzyme

in a given reaction, which has the highest amount of free energy?

a narrow range of pH

most enzymes work best at _____

plants use chlorophyll and chloroplasts to convert light energy into chemical energy

which of the following is the best biological example/application of the first law of thermodynamics?

exergonic

-delta G, spontaneous, catabolic

endergonic

+delta G, non-spontaneous, anabolic

hydrolysis; exergonic, phsophorylation; endergonic

the ___ of ATP is ____

non covalent; reversible

the bonds between enzyme and substrate at the active site tend to be ___ and therefore, ___

sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water

photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbohydrates from

H2O

in plants and algae, what is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis?

O2

in plants an algae, which is a by-product of photosynthesis?

water, H2O

during photosynthesis in plants and algae, what molecule is (as in “becomes”) oxidized?

CO2

during photosynthesis in plants and algae, what molecule is reduced?

in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located in plant cells?

stroma of the chloroplast

in the chloroplasts of plant cells, the synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in the

the changes in the energy level of electron donors along the photosynthetic electron transport chain

the z scheme refers to

reduced - gain of electrons, charge goes down, WITH H

in the light reactions of photosynthesis, NADP+ is

ATP and NADPH

which products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are required as reactions of the calvin cycle?

thylakoid space to the stroma

chloroplast ATP synthases are powered by the flow of protons from the

it is one of the most abundant enzymes on earth

which is a characteristic of rubisco?

a small amount of ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation; most is produced by oxidative phosphorylation

which best describes ATP production during cellular respiration?

two pyruvate molecules (each having 3 C’s)

at the end of glycolysis, the carbon molecules originally found in the starting glucose molecule are in the form of

oxidized

in cellular respiration, glucose is ___ through the process of cellular respiration

oxygen

the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is

mitochondrial matrix

in eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in

oxygen gas

which is not a product of cellular respiration?

gains electrons and is reduced

in cellular respiration, oxygen

ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation

during the krebs cycle

cytoplasm

fermentation takes place

catabolic reactions

cellular respiration is a series of

reduced

during lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is

it loses electrons

which statement is true regarding a molecule that is oxidized?

glycogen in animals

excess glucose is stored in large branched molecules of

ATP synthase

for the potential energy of a proton gradient to be converted to the chemical energy of ATP, the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient must be coupled with ATP synthesis. This coupling is made possible by