Euro: Enlightment

What was Causes of the 18th century Enlightenment

What was Causes of the 18th century Enlightenment

• Scientific rev

• Exploration 

• Price Rev

• Rise of absolute government  

• Hobbes + Locke 

Why was the Sci Rev a cause of the enlightment?

Natural laws (Newtonian Physics)

• Certain core moral things that people agree upon despite their faith

Scientific method (ways for deduction arose)

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Need to find the natural laws for everything arose from the revolution

Why was the Exploration a cause of the Enlightenment?

• Questioning new things arose from exploration

  • of different cultures, leading to a broader understanding of human rights and governance.

• People's encounters with the new places showed an emphasis on progress as people gained awareness of natural laws

Why was the Price Rev a cause of the Enlightenment?

• The merchant class that leads it 

  • Challenges nobles/aristocracy, thus depicting reform institutions

• Wants a voice in the government 

Why was the Rise of absolute government a cause of the Enlightenment?

• They are the Target (limit their power) 

• Wants to REFORM or ERADICATE THEIR INSTITUTIONS

Why was Hobbes + Locke a cause of the Enlightment?

• A blank slate is not a theory, but a natural law 

• Natural rights (life, liberty, and property)

• Social contracts between the two are prominent when leading Enlightenment thought

Monarchy E or R

1. Reformed (Britain, Dutch)

Aristocracy (noble hood) E or R

Reformed

Mercantilism E or R

Eradicated ⇒ Capitalism

Serfdom E or R

Eradicated

Church

Reformed ⇒ Specific churches

Slavery E or R

Eradicated

Great Chain of Being E or R

Eradicated

Patriarchy E or R

Yet to be reformed/eradicated  

Marriage E or R

Yet to be reformed/eradicated  

Enlightenment

A broad intellectual and cultural movement that believed and promoted that independent from the Church and despots, 

• people  using reason could understand the natural laws that govern society (politics, economics, philosophy, and culture) ==> work to  make life better for all.

Self sufficiency of the human mind

• people are born blank slates and need to use their own minds and reason to make decisions, weigh evidence for themselves, and not follow institutions (Church, Aristocracy, Monarchy, Universities, Slavery, Serfdom, & Great Chain of Being) blindly.

Natural Rights

all humans possess individual rights (life, liberty, and property) that cannot be violated.

Reason

people need to use reason to comprehend the natural laws of the universe.

Reform or eradicate institutions

once people comprehend the natural laws:

1. they need to use their reason to evaluate whether institutions align themselves with the natural laws and reason;

2. if the institutions do not measure up, people need to try to reform them, and if they cannot be reformed, eradicate them.

all Enlightenment agree on these ideas as well.

1. Freedom

2. Liberty

3. Equality

4. Progress

5. Deism

Freedom

 the idea that people have the ability to freely use their reason in public. 

Liberty

the idea that people have individual rights and as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others, they can be free to take advantage of every opportunity.

Equality

 all people are equal in that they all have individual rights and in the eyes of God they are all equal (morally). 

They are  equal to pursue opportunity + equal under law(no privileges).

Progress

as society increases in discovering natural laws, reforming institutions, implementing the key concepts, and granting more freedom, liberty, and equality,

• society will continue to get better and better and better.

Deism

the belief that God created the universe and natural laws and now expects people to discover them and live ethically;

• God will not interfere and will let His creation dictate their own lives. 

• It is up to humans now to implement a just, equitable, free, and reasonable universe. 

• Because this is true, Enlightenment thinkers stress religious freedom and tolerance

What did Frederick the Great do after the Seven Years War?

1. humane policies after the seven and thirty years war

2. promoted agriculture industry (sci agriculture => Potatoes, mulberries, coffee )

How did Fredrick the Great Promoted advancement of knowledge?

• Improving schools 

• Allows scholars to publish findings

Did Fredrick the Great Abolish torture?

Yes, Abolished torture

What Fredrick the Great make happen to laws and judges?

• Laws = simplified 

• Judges = impartiality + quick 

Did Fredrick the Great Condemn serfdom? 

Yes, even though he practiced it!

Did Fredrick the Great support monarchy? Did he support divine right?

Yes- Supported Monarchy

No - divine right

Fredrick the Great supported the idea of C________

Camerialism

What is Cameralism?

• Expand the role of the government, all elements of society for the state 

• Supports the role of monarchy controlling other than CHURCH

T or F Fredrick the Great made mandatory school for boys/girls for free until the 5th grade

False

IT WAS FROM 4th GRADE

Did Fredrick the Great work to Unification of German States?

Yes he did!

What were the Three Goals of Catherine the Great?

1. Westernize

2. Territorial expansion 

3. Bring enlightenment

Did Catherine the Great promote Education reforms for girls? What did that bring?

Yes!

Brung Enlightment

In terms of the Encyclopedia, how Catherine the Great portray herself as a western monarch?

• Offered too publish the encyclopedia + patron of Didero 

  • Got publicity as it showed her more as a WESTERN MONARCH

What port City did Catherine the Great secure?

Odessa

What did Catherine the Great get out of securing Odessa?

1. Water water port

2. Crimean peninsula 

3. Poland, Ukraine

Two other ways Catherine the Great brought enlightenment was Limited _______ and Strengthened local ________ 

Limited torture and Strengthened local government

Did Catherine the Great want to abolish serfdom? If so what caused her to no longer want do that???

• Wanted to abolish serfdom BUT Pugachev’s Rebellion happened

What is Pugachev’s Rebellion

a serf caused a rebellion amongst the serfs, making Catherine the Great execute Pugachev and go back on any reforms she wanted to do

• Catherine was scared of the serfs, thus she left the nobles in charge of them, ruining their lives

What religon did Catherine the Great make reserves for?

Jews

What Maria + Joseph (Austria) get out of Reforming the Church?

GAINED CONTROL OVER THE CHURCH (did this for power)

Maria + Joseph believed in equal __________ under law and god

Taxation

• Thus, Tax more elites

What did Maria and Joseph do for Jews?

Granted religious freedom for Jews 

YIPPE!

How was Joseph II a radical?

• Joseph II = RADICAL 

  • Establish equality, religious tolerance, liberty, abolish serfdom 

What Maria and Jopespeh do during the partion of poland?

Partition of Poland ⇒ expanded Poland

T or F: Maria and Jospeh Seized the Church and Encouraged Science

True!

How did Maria do marriage politcs?

Maria married off her children to western monarchs to gain power

How did Maria do education reforms?

• Maria: started schools (not mandatory but secular schools)

  ***GAINED POWER OVER CURRICULUM 

Philosophes: Voltaire’s Beliefs

Challenges to slavery and serfdom:

• Denies individual rights

• No equality under god + law

• No self-sufficiency

Reject Deism

Religious Tolerance!

targeting the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (POV)

All humans share common ground despite their differences in religion

Diest: God set up the natural laws and God wants to find if u do not that is a sin

Philosophes: Montesquieu Beliefs

Separation of Powers ⇒

These three powers cannot be under one person -

• as that would end the liberty of the people

  • and thus pin them under oppression.

Philosophes: Paine Beliefs

“My own mind is my own church”

• Using his self-sufficancy of his own mind

Even though people were born Blank Slates, they could create churches + indulgences.

Challenges Churches (not God) = Deism

• people created indulgences and churches

Philosophes: Rousseau Beliefs

• Challenge absolute monarchs + aristocracy

• attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying, rather than liberating, the individual

• Women belong in the kitchen (narc!!)

• General will

• popular sovereignty (only white, landowning, men)

• Social Contract

  • Give up liberty, to get Freedom

  • Give up rights to each other temporary

  • DIFFERENT FROM HOBBS

Philosophes: Beccaria Beliefs

• Challenge justice and War

Nobles are the judges of France, and as a merchant,

• he sees it as he cannot become a judge and nobles get to get away with things → not mad at the laws, but at how they are injustice carried out

• Right to use freedom in public to fight for rights 

• Torture is unjust 

  • Force confessions 

  • Strong are always going to get away with, weak are going to be commended 

• Against blood sports 

  • Peasants like blood sports (oop!)

Philosophes: Mary Wollstonecraft Beliefs

Challenges to patriarchy

Philosophes: Adam Smith Beliefs

Challenges to slavery and serfdom 

• No equality for all men 

• Not efficient

• Not consumers

• Violates the natural laws of economics!   

Philosophes: Kant Beliefs

Challenges to slavery and serfdom

• Kant argues that enlightenment is humanity's emancipation from self-imposed immaturity through the courageous use of independent reason.

Philosophes: D’ Holbach  Beliefs

Challenges to slavery and serfdom 

• No equality for all men 

• Not efficient

• Not consumers

• Violates the natural laws of economics!   

Philosophes: Diderot Beliefs

Challenges to slavery and serfdom 

THESE PHILOSOPHES ALL CONTRIBUTE THEIR DEFINITIONS AND IDEAS TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIA edited and published by Denis Diderot

Encyclopedia

• contained 72k articles by leading scientists, writers, skilled workers, and progressive priests. 

• Summing up the new worldview of the Enlightenment, 

• widely read + influencial

What were the CAUSES OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

1. Scientific Revolution

2. Price Revolution

3. Mercantilism

4. Exploration

5. Slave Trade

6. Canals

7. Enlightenment

Why was the Sci Rev a cause of the Agricultural Rev?

• development of new agricultural techniques and technologies

  • innovations in farming practices, such as crop rotation, selective breeding, and the use of new tools and machinery

• People started: Curiosity/Questioning

Why was the Price Revolution a cause of the Agricultural Rev?

Merchants > Nobles

• Nobles cannot control agriculture

• Nobles losing power (merchants prioritized efficiency and productivity over feudal obligations)

Why was the Mercantilism a cause of the Agricultural Rev?

• Had many limits

• its focus on trade, inequality, and neglect of small-scale farmers

• Mercantilism - people wanting high quality goods at cheap prices is a natural law - stifles all of this and does not allow the natural laws to run free.

Why was the Exploration a cause of the Agricultural Rev?

• Root crops ⇒ potatoes ⇒ removed the fallow

Why was the Slave Trade a cause of the Agricultural Rev?

• provided labor for plantations in the Americas ⇒ influenced agricultural imports and the European economy

• Gave CAPITAL!!

Why was the Canals a cause of the Agricultural Rev?

Natural law → things transported faster prices dropped

Why was the Enlightenment a cause of the Agricultural Rev?

promoted reason and progress ⇒ extended to agricultural science.

What are the EFFECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION?

1. Population Growth

2. Global Market

3. Slave trade grows

4. Social Classes Change

5. Cottage industry grows

6. Gendered jobs + wage gaps

7. Younger marriages

8. Illegitimacy increases

9. Adam smith

Why is Population Growth an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

Less death, less plague, root crops, more food, canals, DEMAND UP!!!!

Why is Global Market an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

• commercial, financial and labor exchange between different countries without any type of restriction

• Guilds cannot keep up

Why is Slave Trade Growing an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

• Demand for labor-intensive cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton) in colonies

• Expansion of colonial plantation economies

• Reliance on enslaved labor to meet production needs

Why is Social Classes Change an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

• Peasants ⇒ rural proletarian 

  • Working class

• Peasants ⇒ Tenant farmers 

  • Children + grandchildren become middle class

• Nobles ⇒ investors + capitalists

  • As the accumulate capital, they become cash rich

Why is Cottage industry grows an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

Textile is the #1 industry

• Sails, people clothing, slaves clothing, bottlenecks, quality control, employee problems, Holy Monday

• Adam Smith does not like it ⇒ assembly lines + factories

Why is Gendered jobs + wage gaps an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

• Men took roles in mechanized farming and cash crop production

• Women relegated to low-paid or unpaid domestic and farm labor

• Formalized division of labor reinforced gender roles

• Wage gaps widened as men accessed higher-paying jobs

Why is Younger marriages an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

People were able to get money quicker!!! less time for men (money for married) and women (dowry)

Why is Illegitimacy increases an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

ppl need more money so they leave the child

Why is Adam Smith an effect of the Agricultural Revolution?

Adam does not like the cottage industry

causes him to branch out and create assembly lines!! (leads to industrial revolution)

Adam Smiths Beliefs

• Competition + People are Greedy ⇒ Natural law of economic 

• Supply and Demand (Natural Price +

  Competition is the invisible hand that moves prices according to natural laws of supply and demand)

• supporter of Laissez faire approach

• Does not like Cottage Industry, Subsidies, Tariffs, Guilds

• Navigation Acts (must be eradicated) ==> LIMITED FREE TRADE

Effects of 18 century

1. Population growth 

2. Cottage industry 

3. Younger marriage 

4. Fewer community controls

5. More Mobility 

   1. To Cities 

   2. Social Classes

6. New Social Classes

7. Illegitimacy rises 

   1. (not cuz men are jerks) 

8. Village institutions fade away 

9. End of guilds

10. Piety Movements

11. Religion becomes private

12. Leisure and Recreation

13. Consumer Revolution

14. New Medicine

What were the piety movement?

1. Methodist church →

   1. all welcome + equal

   2. emotion and personal relationship with Jesus

   3. christ helps people lead moral lives!! 

2. Catholic Church = Saint Days + processions 

3. Anti Deism 

How was Leisure and Recreation an effect of 18th century?

1. Professional sports/blood sports (everyone still enjoy them)

   1. Boxing 

   2. Horse Racing 

   3. Bull Fighting 

2. Rules  + regulations

3. Betting (w rules + regulation)

4. Tickets, Areas  + Concessions } new jobs!

5. Class Gap Shrinks  (all learned more about economic +critical thinking ) 

6. Class Gap Grows (elite sports v. non elite sports)

How was New Food and Drink an effect of 18th century?

1. Just Price 

   1. Limit comp. 

   2. Brake supply and demand

   3. No natural laws

2. Game Laws 

   1. Only nobles can hunt

   2. Unequal 

   3. Unreasonable 

   4. Deny natural rights 

   5. Uphold property rights 

3. Increase class gap

How was Consumer Revolution an effect of 18th century?

Wide ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes towards consumer goods

• I am what I consume / towards consumer goods!

• Clothes

• Housing - how many private rooms u have

How was New Medicine an effect of 18th century?

• Smallpox vaccine (ottoman empire) 

• Faith healthing v. doctors + apothecaries vs. doctors and instruments

• Madame de Courdrey had textbooks, dummies, schools, degrees ⇒ created her own cottage industry → Still in the private sphere ⇒ SALON

• Catherine the Great, mandatory vaccines

• People did not like vaccines (science, effects, insertion of ill)

• Raised class gap (some people like it, others don’t)

Steps for Marriage

1. Agreement to court ⇒ family + community agree

2. Parents welcome courting ⇒ date in a bed but no sex 

   1. Bundling board + Bundling sack

      1. Only man in sack and then they’re carried to the bed 

         1. Women not in sack unless parents don’t trust 

   2. Father tells boy to make spoons (spooning) so he isn’t handsy with daughter

3. Bands are read at church for 3 weeks 

   1. Sex is okay after week one 

4. MARRIAGE!

Why marriages took so long?

• Bigger dowry = more people who want to marry them

• Ages 14-27 girls are working outside the home to earn wages so she can have a dowry ⇒ they working fields until the enclosure movement 

  • Become maids in other homes: lady’s maid, milk maid, scullery maid 

    • LED TO ABUSE

• Men need to get through the apprenticeship ⇒ mobile workers to the urban and make money and come back 

Men make all ____________

furniture, bring utensils, machines, livestock to marriage 

Women make all __________

clothing + kitchenware

Father starts to make a _______ to put in her things for marriage in

chest

⇒ bigger chest = better

Role of 16+17 Century Churches

Hold all village records

Baptism, marriage, labor, death

Mediator between peasants and authorities

Provided festivals, entertainment, and holidays

Provided schools and learning facilities

Provided all charity, orphanages, and community help

Standing and Pew Rents

Sermons and Academic Topics

What are Standing and Pew Rents?

The division between free-standing attendees and those who could afford pew rents mirrored and reinforced social hierarchies.

• Undermined Equality: While preaching equality under God, the church's physical arrangements highlighted class distinctions.

Sermons and Academic Topics

Sermons often leaned toward academic, intellectual discourses, which alienated less-educated congregants.

• Undermined Religious Intent: Instead of focusing on accessible spiritual guidance, some sermons catered to elite sensibilities, reducing inclusivity.

Enlightened Desports Comminalities

• Efficient Buracury 

• Made scientific + economic reforms

• Make nations stronger (control nobles) 

• Expand role of state (caneralism) 

• Gain power

• Serfdom stay

Characteristics of Agricultural Revolution

• • Root crops 

    • Eliminate fallow

  • Enclosure movement ⇒ implemented by enclosure act (landowning men)

    • England and the dutch first 

      • France and prussia right behind them 

  • Poop cycle 

    • Heavy fertilizing 

  • Seed drilling machine 

  • Swamp draining 

  • Selective breeding 

  • CANALS