Biology Topics Paper 1.

Eukaryotes

Plant and Animals

Prokaryotes

Bacteria

Phloem cells

Transport sugars made in leaves to the rest of the plant.

Xylem cells

Transport water and mineral ions through the plant.

Root hair cell

Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil.

Sperm cell

Carries genetic material to the egg cell.

Muscle cells

Produce movement.

Nerve cell (Neurons)

Carry electrical impulses around the body.

Meristems

Responsible for cell division.

Chromosomes

The genetic material of eukaryotes.

Mitosis

Process of cell division where replicated chromosomes separate and form two new nuclei.

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that divide to make new cells.

Diffusion

Passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water across cell membranes.

Active transport

Moves solute substances against a concentration gradient.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction without being used up.

Lock and Key theory

Enzymes have an active site that matches a specific substrate, catalyzing specific reactions.

Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose, produced in salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine.

Protease

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides or amino acids, produced in the stomach, pancreas, and intestine.

Lipase

An enzyme produced in the pancreas that breaks down fats into fatty acids.

Bile

A fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, aiding in the digestion of fats.

Aorta

The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Pulmonary artery

A blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

Pulmonary vein

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and empties it into the left ventricle.

Vena Cava

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Oxygenated blood

Blood that has a higher concentration of oxygen.

Deoxygenated blood

Blood that has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than oxygen.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to body tissues.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen and nutrients occurs between blood and body tissues.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from body tissues to the heart.

Red blood cells

Transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

White blood cells

Cells of the immune system that protect the body against infections.

Platelets

Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting.

Non-communicable diseases

Diseases that cannot be passed from one person to another.

Communicable diseases

Diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another.

Pathogens

Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that can cause disease.

Palisade Mesophyll tissue

Leaf tissue with many chloroplasts that maximizes light energy capture for photosynthesis.

Spongy Mesophyll tissue

Leaf tissue with a large surface area and air gaps that maximizes gas exchange.

Epidermal tissue

A waterproof, waxy surface layer on the upper epidermis that prevents water loss.

Guard cells

Cells that open and close the stomata in leaves.

Stoma

Pores in the leaf that allow gas diffusion.

Transpiration

The loss of water from plant leaves through evaporation and diffusion.

Translocation

The movement of dissolved food molecules through phloem tissue.

Phagocytes

Cells that protect the body from bacteria and dead cells.

Lymphocytes

Cells that play a crucial role in the immune system by fighting infections.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by lymphocytes to attack pathogens.

Antigens

Proteins found on the surface of pathogens (bacteria/viruses).

Antitoxins

Substances that neutralize toxins produced by pathogens.

Process of Photosynthesis

Occurs in chloroplasts, where chlorophyll captures light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and releases oxygen.

Photosynthesis equation

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.

Respiration

Process of transferring energy stored in molecules like glucose for living processes.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that uses oxygen to make energy from glucose.