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Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances.

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom, determining the specific element.

Mass number

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Isotope

Alternate mass forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more electrons.

Ionic bond

A bond formed between oppositely charged ions due to the transfer of electrons.

Electronegativity

An atom's attraction for shared electrons in a covalent bond.

Hydrogen bond

Weak electrical attraction between neighboring water molecules due to polarity.

Solvent

The dissolving agent in a solution.

Cohesion

The tendency of water molecules to stick together due to hydrogen bonding.

Acid

A chemical compound that releases H+ ions into a solution.

Base

A compound that accepts H+ ions from a solution.

Buffer

Substances that resist pH change by accepting or donating H+ ions.

Trace elements

Elements required in very small amounts for biological processes.