Music History Exam 4

Fact: La serva padrona, aria: Pergolesi

Intermezzo

Fact: The Beggar’s Opera, aria: Gay

Ballad opera

Fact: Orfeo ed Euridice: Gluck

Opera reform

Fact: Creation, The Continental Harmony: Billings

Calvinist, North America

Fact: Symphony F Major, 1st: Sammartini

Oldest symphony

Fact: Sonata A Major, 2nd: CPE Bach

Emfindsam

Fact: Concerto Eb Major, 1st: JC Bach

Piano concerto

Fact: Symphony No. 88, 1st: Haydn

Sonata form

Fact: String quartet Eb Major, 4th: Haydn

Supposed to be funny

Fact: The Creation, In the beginning god: Haydn

text painting using texture and pitch

Fact: Symphony No. 41, Final: Mozart

all previous themes in this mvt

Fact: Don Giovanni: Mozart

N/A

Fact: Piano Concerto A Major, 1st: Mozart

Ritornellos and episodes

Fact: Piano Sonata C Minor: Beethoven

contrasts in style between sections

Fact: Symphony No. 3,1st: Beethoven

Hero struggle

Fact: String Quartet A Minor, 5th: Beethoven

traditional mvt sequence

Strophic form

AAA

Binary form

AB

Ternary form

ABA

Rondo

ABACABA

Theme and Variations

A A1 A2 A3

Sonata form

Exposition, Development, Recapitulation

Enlightenment: impact on music

-Individuals have rights

-Natural and science focused, less emotions

Galant def

simple melody, light accompaniment. Song like, balanced phrases

Empfindsam def

more emotional, surprising turns of harmony

Classical def

simple and balanced

Schema def

set of formulas of melodic motion in bass lines

Elements of Neapolitan comic opera

-Funny, focuses on everyday people. 

-Aimed for middle class, ordinary people

Opera buffa vs. Opera seria

B: everyday, ordinary people

For middle class, purpose is to be entertaining. Galant style. More ensemble singing

S: Kings, Gods, heroes

For rich people, purpose is to be entertaining. More soloists

Querelle des bouffons

War of the comic actors

French (pretty singing) and Italian (spoken word) argue about how their operas are different

Opera reform ideas

Enlightenment ideas basically

Wanted opera to be more natural

Music serves the poetry

Invention of piano

Bartolomeo Cristofori

Grand piano: expensive and fancy

Square piano: regular practicing

Orchestra changes over time

Increase # of players and instrumentation (brass and percussion now)

More movements, symphonies are longer

3 movement structure of symphony

Sammartini - fast slow fast

4 movement structure of symphony

Stamitz - allegro, andante moderato, minuet and trio, allegro

1st mvt: has slow intro, sonata form    4th mvt: sonata or rondo, very fast

Concerto form

3 solo sections. Each section is encased in a solo riternello 

-what today is

Humor in classical music

Joke: think music will end but doesn’t

Surprise: random f in a piece

Haydn and the symphony

Dramatic, used lots of minor keys

Then embraced popular style. Then composed more for the public. 

Then used special effects (crazy forte out of nowhere) near the end of his life

How experiences as a child prodigy impacted Mozart’s music

-Traveling Europe - lots of musical exposure at young age

-Practiced for mobility

Mozart’s style

Songful themes, embellishments, galant style

Mozart’s changes to comic opera

Added serious characters to add more layers to story

More orchestration to define characters

Comic opera in Italy

opera buffa, comic

Comic opera in France

opera comique - popular songs with new words. Comic or tragic

Comic opera in England

ballad opera - spoken dialogue. Humor by making fun of society

Comic opera in Germany/Austria

Singtel? - spoken dialogue and German folk songs

Symphony def

orchestral work 3 or 4 mvts

Concerto def

soloist with orchestra

String quartet def

2 violin, viola, cello. Social events

Sonata def

3 mvts - fast slow fast (CPE Bach a lot)

French Revolution and impact on music

-Music for amateurs. Individualism

-Government supported and censored music

Heiligenstadt Testament

Beethoven wanted to die and was upset about losing hearing.

Letter to his brothers how he was suffering

Beethoven’s style in 1st period

classical form and instrumentation

Beethoven’s style in 2nd period

more individualism, more dramatic changes in style

Beethoven’s style in 3rd period

Extensive orchestration. Huge

Music as Identity

-composers being recognized

-reflecting what employers want they to do

-comic opera is different in each country

-more social classes being represented

Baroque vs Classical

-C more simple (balanced phrases). B is complex (ornamentation)

-B: fugues. C: sonata

-B: toccatas. C: concerto

-B: strong bass line. C: not as much.

Opera variations in Classical era

-Opera reform

-Intermezzo

-Opera seria

-Opera buffa

Instrumental use in Classical era

-Amateur home playing

-Big concerts 

-String quartet: social events

-symphonies for people to watch