Untitled Flashcards Set

Integumentary System

The system comprising skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

Functions of the Integumentary System

Protection, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis, lipid storage, and sensory detection.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis involving stem cells and touch sensitivity.

Keratinocytes

The primary cell type in the epidermis, responsible for producing keratin.

Langerhans cells

Immune cells found in the stratum spinosum.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead, keratinized cells.

Hair Growth Phases

Anagen (growth), catagen (transition), telogen (resting).

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that produce sebum to lubricate and protect the skin.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The least malignant form of skin cancer and the most common.

Melanoma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer, highly metastatic.

Osteocytes

Bone cells responsible for maintaining bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Cells that build new bone.

Ossification

The process of bone formation.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that increases blood calcium levels.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone formation process for flat bones such as the skull.

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joints.

ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)

Ligament in the knee that stabilizes joint movement.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated and voluntary muscle tissue.

Sliding Filament Theory

Theory explaining muscle contraction through actin and myosin interaction.

Fast-Twitch Fibers (Type II-B)

Muscle fibers that are powerful but fatigue rapidly.

Slow-Twitch Fibers (Type I)

Muscle fibers that are more endurance-oriented and rich in myoglobin.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces.

Merocrine Sweat Glands

Glands responsible for thermoregulation and producing water-based sweat.

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Glands that produce thick sweat found in armpits and groin.

Calcium Regulation

Process of maintaining optimal calcium levels involving PTH and calcitonin.

Hematoma Formation

The initial phase of bone repair where a blood clot forms.

Callus Formation

Phase where fibrocartilage stabilizes a fracture.

Compact Bone

The dense outer layer of bone tissue.

Synarthrosis

Immovable joints.

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joints.

Tommy John Surgery

UCL reconstruction surgery common among baseball pitchers.

Stratum Lucidum

A transparent layer only found in thick skin like palms and soles.

Vitamin D Synthesis

Process where UV light converts cholesterol to Vitamin D3.

Lipid Storage

The storage of lipids in the dermis and subcutaneous layers.

Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining body temperature through sweat and blood flow.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second most common form of skin cancer that can metastasize if untreated.

Muscle Structure Layers

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium surrounding muscle tissue.

Troponin

Protein that shifts to expose binding sites during muscle contraction.

Power Stroke

The action of myosin pulling actin during muscle contraction.

Muscle Fatigue Causes

ATP depletion, lactic acid buildup, and calcium imbalances.

Intermediate Fibers

Muscle fibers that have characteristics of both fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers.

Merkel Cells

Touch-sensitive cells found in the stratum basale.

Keratin Production

The process occurring in the stratum granulosum contributing to waterproofing.

Genetic Male Pattern Baldness

Hair loss condition linked to sensitivity to DHT.

Muscle Contraction Steps

Nerve impulse, ACh release, depolarization, calcium release, myosin binding.

UV Protection by Hair

Function of hair that helps shield the skin from UV radiation.

Fracture Remodeling

Process where compact bone replaces spongy bone during healing.

Calcium Excretion Increase

A function of calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels.

Blood Cell Production

Function of the skeletal system occurring in bone marrow.

Adipose Tissue

Fat-storing tissues found in the subcutaneous layer.

Basal Layer Function

Primary site for cellular regeneration in the epidermis.

Ossification Function

Transformation of cartilage to bone.

Degenerative Joint Disease

Common joint condition affecting synovial joints.

Fibrocartilage

Tissue forming the callus during bone healing.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.

Sebum

Oily secretion that lubricates the skin.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary striated muscle found in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary non-striated muscle found in organs.

Muscle Contraction Mechanism

The sliding of actin over myosin facilitated by calcium ions.

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Sweat glands primarily responsible for cooling the body.

Stratum Granulosum Function

Forming a waterproof barrier to prevent water loss.

Lipid Functions

Energy storage, insulation, and protection in the dermis.

Osteoclasts

Cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue.

Joints Stabilization

The role of ligaments in maintaining joint integrity.

Myoglobin

Protein that binds oxygen in muscle cells, enhancing endurance.

Cholesterol Conversion

The process by which skin produces vitamin D3 from UV light.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of the epidermis known for its spiny appearance due to desmosomes.

Suture Joints

Immovable connections between bones in the skull.

Nerve Impulse

Signal that triggers muscle contraction by releasing ACh.

Bone Growth Factors

Genetic and hormonal influences that regulate the growth of bone.

Cruciate Ligaments

Ligaments within the knee that cross each other and provide stability.

Epidermis Layers

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

Callus Function

To stabilize and protect a fractured bone during healing.

Collagen

Protein that provides structural support in bones and skin.

Myofibrils

Subunits of muscle fibers responsible for contraction.

Hair Function

Provides protection, insulation, and sensory perception.

Bone Marrow

Tissue within bones where blood cell production occurs.

Calcitonin Function

Hormone responsible for reducing blood calcium levels.

Muscle Fibers

Cells that contract to facilitate locomotion and movement.

Chondrocytes

Cells that maintain cartilage tissue.

Cortex

The outer layer of bone, providing strength and protection.

Growth Hormones

Hormones that promote bone growth and development.

Skin Functions

Protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and excretion.