Untitled Flashcards Set

KIN 370 Exam 2 Study Guide

Integumentary System

Functions

• Protection: Shields from UV light, dehydration, chemicals, and infections.

• Temperature Regulation: Sweat glands (merocrine) and blood flow adjustments.

• Excretion: Removes salts, water, organic waste.

• Vitamin D Synthesis: UV light converts cholesterol to Vitamin D3 → Liver → Kidneys → Calcitriol (Ca2+ absorption).

• Lipid Storage: Found in the dermis and subcutaneous layers.

• Sensory Detection: Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors.

Layers of the Epidermis

1. Stratum Basale: Stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells (touch sensitivity).

2. Stratum Spinosum: Keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (immune response).

3. Stratum Granulosum: Keratin production, waterproof barrier.

4. Stratum Lucidum: Only in thick skin (palms/soles), transparent layer.

5. Stratum Corneum: Outer layer, 15-30 layers of dead keratinized cells.

Hair and Growth Cycle

• Hair Functions: UV protection, sensory perception, insulation.

• Growth Phases:

  • Anagen: Growth phase (2-5 years).

  • Catagen: Transition phase.

  • Telogen: Resting phase, hair falls out.

• Male Pattern Baldness: Genetic, linked to DHT sensitivity.

Exocrine Glands

• Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum (oily secretion), lubricates and protects skin.

• Sweat Glands:

  • Merocrine (Eccrine): Thermoregulation, water-based sweat.

  • Apocrine: Found in armpits, groin; thick secretion with odor due to bacteria.

Skin Cancer Types

• Basal Cell Carcinoma: Least malignant, most common.

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Can metastasize if untreated.

• Melanoma: Most dangerous, highly metastatic, ABCDE rule (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Elevation).

Skeletal System

Functions

• Support, storage (Ca2+, phosphate, lipids), blood cell production, protection, movement.

Bone Cells

• Osteocytes: Maintain bone tissue.

• Osteoblasts: Build new bone.

• Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue.

Ossification & Bone Growth

• Intramembranous Ossification: Forms flat bones (skull, clavicle).

• Endochondral Ossification: Replaces cartilage model; forms most bones.

Calcium Regulation

• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood Ca2+ (stimulates osteoclasts, reduces excretion).

• Calcitonin: Lowers blood Ca2+ (inhibits osteoclasts, increases excretion).

Bone Repair

1. Hematoma Formation: Blood clot forms.

2. Callus Formation: Fibrocartilage stabilizes fracture.

3. Ossification: Spongy bone replaces cartilage.

4. Remodeling: Compact bone replaces spongy bone.

Articulations (Joints)

Joint Classifications

• Structural: Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

• Functional:

  • Synarthrosis: Immovable (sutures, gomphosis).

  • Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable (pubic symphysis).

  • Diarthrosis: Freely movable (synovial joints).

Knee Joint

• Ligaments:

  • ACL, PCL: Stabilization.

  • MCL, LCL: Prevents rotation.

• Injuries: ACL tears (common in female athletes), "3 C’s" (collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, cartilage).

• Tommy John Surgery: UCL reconstruction (common in pitchers).

Muscle System

Muscle Types

• Skeletal: Striated, voluntary.

• Cardiac: Striated, involuntary.

• Smooth: Nonstriated, involuntary.

Muscle Structure

• Epimysium: Surrounds entire muscle.

• Perimysium: Surrounds fascicles.

• Endomysium: Surrounds individual fibers.

Muscle Contraction

• Sliding Filament Theory: Actin slides over myosin for contraction.

• Steps:

  1. Nerve impulse → ACh release.

  2. Sarcolemma depolarization → Ca2+ release.

  3. Troponin shifts, exposing binding sites.

  4. Myosin binds actin → Power stroke.

  5. ATP binds → Myosin detaches.

Muscle Fatigue & Types

• Causes: ATP depletion, lactic acid buildup, Ca2+ imbalances.

• Fiber Types:

  • Fast-Twitch (Type II-B): Quick, powerful, fatigue rapidly.

  • Slow-Twitch (Type I): Endurance, aerobic, myoglobin-rich.

  • Intermediate Fibers: Mix of both.

This study guide is an optimized summary of the key concepts covered in Exam 2 based on the slides. It should help focus your review on the most critical information for the test.