exam 2

Urban Planning System (UPS)

Three principles of fingerprint examination, which includes Uniqueness, Permanence, and Systematic classification.

Uniqueness in fingerprints

Refers to the distinct patterns, minutiae, and sweat pore shapes that make an individual's fingerprints unique.

Permanence in fingerprints

Indicates that fingerprints do not change throughout a person's lifetime.

Systematic classification of fingerprints

Classifying prints into subclasses based on three main patterns and 11 subpatterns.

Three major patterns of fingerprints

Arch (5%), Loop (60%), Whorl (35%).

Patent fingerprints

Visible prints left on a surface, typically from liquid like blood or paint.

Latent fingerprints

Invisible prints that require techniques like powder or chemicals for visualization.

Plastic fingerprints

Three-dimensional impressions left in soft materials like wax or clay.

Bifurcation

A minutia feature where a single ridge splits into two.

Sweat pores

Unique shapes on the skin that can help visualize fingerprints.

AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System)

A system used by local law enforcement to store and analyze fingerprint data.

IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System)

A federal system used by the FBI that includes data from AFIS across the United States.

Ridge skin

Skin found on the fingers, palms, toes, and soles, characterized by the presence of patterns for grip.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin where fingerprints are formed.

Dermis

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis.

Whorl fingerprints

Fingerprints with circular patterns and two deltas.

Loop fingerprints

Fingerprints with one delta, classified into ulnar and radial loops.

Arch fingerprints

Fingerprints that rise in the center with no deltas.

Common surfaces for fingerprint lifting

Includes porous (paper), non-porous (glass), sticky (adhesives), textured (wood), wet, oil, and wax surfaces.

Chemical methods for lifting fingerprints

Techniques involving substances like iodine, ninhydrin, and super glue to visualize fingerprints.

ACE-V process

A four-step method for fingerprint analysis: Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification.

Three levels of comparison for fingerprints

Includes pattern, minutiae/detail, and sweat pore shapes.

Minutia examples

Common types include bifurcation, spur, short ridge, and crossover.