exam 2

• Three principles of fingerprints

  1. Uniqueness- three levels of structire are pattern, minutia, sweat pore

     1. unique to a individuals prints

  2. Permanance- no change in a persons fingerprints within their lifetime

  3. Systematic- classyfing prints into subclasses three main patterns and 11 sub patterns

  4. UPS

twins fingerprints are diff becauseee?

• three nos

  • no worldwide system -every law enforecment differs in numbers of subpatters

  • no no min point number- of characteristics is req for a match of ID in US (research topic:madrid bombing

  • no statistical studies on frequencies v locatoins of certian characteristics/patterns

• dna chance is higher than fingerprints; but fingerprints are more reliable than dna

• anatomy of fingerprints

  • smooth skin v(friction) ridge skin(why do monkeys/gorillas have ridged skin

  • europeans call is finger marks, older gen calls is friction ridge pattern, trad is fingerprint

  • ridge skin is found on the fingers, palms, toes, and soles= volar pad

  • layer of skin near surface is called epidermis ( where fingerprints form)

  • underlying skin is dermis

  • sweat pores have unique shapes and release sweat that can be used for its visualization (sweat pre shape by a smartphone

• 3 major patterns

  • arch 5%- no delta

    • plain arch- line comes from one side

    • tented arch- rises up high; has one line in the middle

    • angular arch- core is at a 90degree angle v rare

    • exceptional - most inner part is a loop, but its only one line if two its a loop

    • looks like a wave with no delta

  • loop 60%- one delta (uturn;

    • dircetional- right hand

      • if line coming from pinky; ulnar (radial if on left

      • if line coming from thumb; radial (ulnar if on left

      • left slant and right slant if we dont know which hand left the print

  • whorl 35%- circle, two delta

    • plain whorls- two deltasss

    • central pocket loop whorl- looks like a loop but has a whorl in the center; main diff is the distance between two deltas; symetrical; two equal lengths, cpw has asymetrical

    • double loop - loops are side by side

    • lateral loop- loops are like touching one on top of the other

    • accidental whorl- any whorl that doesnt fit into any of the others; usually something wrong during pregnancy

  • ideal pattern for cst is arch

  • delta helps determine a boundary/indicator of the pattern

  • core is center of the pattern- most complicated area; find a lot of info from there

  • minutia lvl2 (fingerprint characteristics

    • bifurcation- longer one line splits

    • spur- shorter - one line splits

    • short ridge- not connected to anything

    • cross over- bridge

• three types of fingerprints

  • patent

  • plastic

  • latent

• 7 types of common surfaces

  • porous

    • paper,cardboard

    • absorbable

  • Non-porous

    • glass, tile

    • non absorbable

  • sticky side

    • adhesives

    • usually found in homicide, kidnapping, home invasions, rapes

  • textured

    • rough, raw, wood

  • wet

    • rain

  • oil

    • car handle

  • wax

    • material

  • trash bags?

  • only 5% chance to get prints from skin, leather, fabric

    • time dependent from crime to time it takes to get to the pd

  • impossible surfaces- wood, brick, concretes,drywall ( these are super pourous

  • other factors- dry v wet hands (wet is better for prints bc more sweat;dry better for dna), age v gender (before 30 sweat is more prominent;males produce more sweat than females), distorted (when theres movement when the perp has their hand on a surface) v overlapped (fingerprints on top of each other wether same person or diff person), smudged (not clear) v partial (half print)

• physical methods in lifing ptints

  • powder (old method)

    • sticks to oil/sweat, if inhaled causes lung probs

  • aluminum powder

    • heavier shiny surfaces glass polished wood

  • fluorescent

    • colorful

  • magnetic powder

    • reusable

  • once you visualized the print you need to take a picutre of it

• Pourous surfaces

  • need chems

  • human sweat contains

  • Iodine fuming

  • Ninhydrin (paper docs or stamps

  • Silver nitrate

  • super glue (used for plastic bags

  • small particle reagent (used for wet/wax

  • Black solution (sticky side of duct-tape

• AFIS/IAFIS system picks up bifuractions and ridge endings to create a dot map which helps the comparison to the suspects fingerprints (it then gives like five canditates based on the % of a match; we still gotta do a visual comparison

• USA refuses to use point system for somee reason we just want quality

• ACE-V

  • analysis- asses the quality of the prints

  • comparison- compare the two; how many points are you able to detect

  • evaluation- assesses agreement/disagreement(match/nonmatch/inconclusive)

  • verification- examiner gives it to peer for second opinion; supervisor signs final choice; another way is to pay a third party(when supervisor makes a choice its considered bias

• what are the three levels of comparison for prints?

  • pattern

  • minute/detail

  • sweat pore shapes

    • large v small

Video Questions

1. Where was the duct tape found?

   1. on nose mouth and around her head

2. why did the defense attorney ask the number and actions of CST’s at the scene?

   1. he tried to say that they were moving the evidence

   2. tried to say they CONTAMINATED it

3. why was the duct tape so important at the cross exam?

   1. if they werent able to get a print they cant prove it was here

   2. this was the only evidence that could contain prints

4. why was the mother casy anothony acquitted from the murder charge

   1. they didnt have anything to link her to the crime

• Smooth v ridge skin

  • Smooth

    • Smooth skin is found on most of the body

  • Ridge

    • Found on the fingers, palms, toes, and soles/ on the volar pads

• Plain Arch v Tented Arch

  • Plain Arch

    • looks like wave and has no delta

  • Tented Arch

    • has no delta, has a line in the middle of the arch, arch rises up high

• Plain Whorl v Central pocket whorl (CPW)

  • Plain whorl (majority)

    • Circle with two deltas

    • has two deltas, these are symmetrical

  • CPWL

    • is a loop with whorl in the center

    • the deltas are asymmetrical

• Ulnar loop v Radial loop

  • from right hand

    • lines come from pinky = Ulnar

    • lines come from thumb= radial

      • flip if on left hand

        • pinky- radial

        • thumb- ulnar

  IF WE ARENT SURE WHAT HAND THE PRINT CAME FROM WE REFER TO THE LOOPS AS LEFT OR RIGHT SLANTED

• Bifurcation v Spur

  • when one ridge splits at the end

  • Bifurcation

    • the line is longer/ same length

  • Spur

    • Shorter and more asymmetrical

• Ridge Ending v Short ridge

  • ridge ending is the stopping point of a ridge

  • short ridge is also called an island

• Patent v latent

  • patent- visible

  • latent- invisible

• Black v Magnetic powder

  • black powder

    • older

    • uses a brush,sticks to oil/sweat

    • causes lung probs if inhaled

  • Magnetic powder

    • doesn't touch the print

    • is reuseable

• AFIS v IAFIS

  • AFIS

    • used by local agencies

    • no set way of using it each company has their own method

    • public

  • IAFIS

    • used by the FBI includes all data from AFIS

    • private

• Porous v Non-porous surfaces

  • Porous surfaces

    • harder to get prints from

    • need to use chemicals

    • cardboard, paper, wood, concrete

  • Non-porous surfaces

    • easier to lift prints from

    • powder and magnetic pow

    • glass, tile, metal,

Key Terms

• Three features/Three principles on fingerprint examination

  • UPS

  • Uniqueness

  • Permanence

  • Systematic

• Anatomy of prints

  • Ridge- fingerprints

  • Epidermis- skin near the surface of ridge

  • Dermis- underlayer

• Three major patterns

  • Loop- 60%

  • Whorl- 35%

  • Arch- 5%

• 11 Sub patterns

  • Loops

    • ulnar

    • radial

    • left slant

    • right slant

  • Whorl

    • CPLW

    • plain whorl

    • double whrol

    • Lateral whorl

    • accidental whorl

  • Arch

    • Plain arch

    • Tented arch- rises high has a line in the middle

    • angular- 90 degrees

    • exceptional arch- most inner part is a loop

• Three types of print impressions on surfaces

  • Latent

    • not visible

  • Patent

    • visible

  • Plastic

    • imprinted in a soft material

• Automated Fingerprint ID System (AFIS)

  • this is used by local agencies to input fingerprint data

  • there is no set like rule that agencies follow when using it they have their own

  • it is public anyone can buy and use it but it is limited

• revolvers can only hold 6 bullets

• conical= cone like pattern

  • phrase is a shotgun effect

• sawed off shotgun- barrel has been cut short(short-barreled

• shotgun gauge measured by gauge, doesnt contain rifling lines inside barrels/ doesnt have the grooves

  • The higher the gauge, the smaller the guns barrel and the less kinetic energy

  • cant rly match up shell to gun bc shell is protected by the sleeve

• Israel Military Industries’ Uzi and the Ingram MAC-10

  • SMG’s use pistol calibers such as 9mm (smaller ones)

  • theyre fully auto (as long as trigger held down it keeps shooting)

  • are considered illegal due to the ability to fire rapidly, and their ability to be easily concealed

• markmanship- someone’s skill in shooting

• stoppingpower- weapons ability to take down a target

• grains= unit for how heavy a bullet is; mass of the projectile not the gunpowder; measured in grams

  • effects accuracy, recoil, and length of travel of the bullet

  • .065 grams

• penetration power- how far a bullet can travel through a surface

  • depends of the weight, speed, type, construction

• caliber- unit of measurement

  • diameter of cylindrical objs

• caliper- tool to measure

  • determines length, width, thickness, depth

• FMJ and FMJBT are both types of ammunition that use a lead core encased in a metal jacket. FMJ stands for "full metal jacket", and FMJBT stands for "full metal jacket boat tail". The main difference between the two is the shape of the rear end of the bullet

Ch 6

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Notes

Chapter 5

• what are the four types of common weapons

  • pistol (magazine, civilians max is 10 or 9 in mag 1 in chamber, if more than 10 = illegal firearm

  • revolver (cylinder/wheel, usually 6

  • rifle (stock, there for stability and switcher to make it from semi to fully auto

  • shotgun (got wood handle) (pump/slide

  • 1,c(bottle neck) rifle

  • ;2,(ring) revolver the bottom is a little bigger to go into the hole

  • 3 (plastic) shotgunn

  • 4 to pistol, (groove/caved in)

  • ammunition 22 (.22)- used by three diff types of weapons (pistol, rifle, revolver), you cant tell what type of weapon, (its cheaper), rim firing (compared to all other ammos called central firing) firing hits on edge makes it harder to match

• revolver

  • doesnt jam since its manual loading

  • takes more time to reload

  • tirigger pull is heavy

• rifle

  • long barreelll

  • more accurate so its more accurate

  • ar 15 (no more than 10 rounds)

  • and M 16 (millitary

• shotgun

  • shotgun effect one trigger hit a lot of ppl bc of cone shoots a lot of little particles

  • semi auto- one trigger one bullet

• SMG

  • pull trigger shoots a lot in a few second

  • cant buy uzi in US

  • can buy 9 mm legally and use in uzi

  • not designed for accuracy

  • magazine can hold 30 per

  • illegal bc, 30 per mag, has silencer/suppressor, fully auto

• what are the four factors affections function

  1. accuracy

     1. barrel length

        1. rifling

        2. once bullet strts to spin it increases speed and accuracy

     2. sight

        1. laser

     3. markmanship- shooting skill

  2. shooting distance

     1. from barrel to target

     2. caliber - inch, metric, gauge (one lb of lead divide 1lb of lead into 12 units; the bigger the number the bigger diameter, 10 is biggest

        1. common gauges are 10, 12, 16, 20 , 28,

        2. .410-bore is the smallessttt

     3. powder 4 diff types

  3. stopping power

     1. shape round hollowpoint

  4. penetration

  • firing pin gives 30% info on what gun shot it

  • bridge face hits center; harder to tell

  • officer involved shooting

    • gun policy for officers- shoot to kill

    • tenesse v gardner 1984

firing pin top right corner

ejector is bottom enter the back part not the cilindrical one

breech face wall of the bottom chamber

• fired v unfired bullet

  • if primer is flat its unfired

  • if theres a hole/indintation its fired

  • lines on bullet

  • inside of bullet always made of lead

  • fully/semi/hollow point bullets what the diff?

• Luger- ammunition

• Ruger- weapon

• video questions

  • .380 calliber (cheap pistol)

    • if .38 (revolver;super-pistol)

  video questions

  • had stippling(residue/black dots that is unburned gunpowder) on gunshot wound

    • stpplingg shows when its close range

  • found car in ditch( secondary location)

    • glass chips on ground- shooting occured there

  • belongings were still in the car so the motve wasnt robbery

  • whats diff between motive and intent

    • motive- idea

    • intent- reason why crime was commited

  • act intent and relationship

Ch 6

• bullet consisits of jacketing,, calliber, rifling, and grain

• rifling makes bullet spin increasing speed and accuracy ; lowkk counters gravity ; bullets are pointy to help w air risistance

• cut part called groves uncut parts are called lands (they must be equal min=4 max=8)

• the grooves of barrel must correspond to the lands of the bullet and land of bullet corresponds to the grooves on bullet

• right twisted guns are most common

• lines direction on bullet determine right v left twisted

• automated ballistics comparison

  • Nataional integrated ballistic information network- by atfe

    • big computer database stores images of microscoptic marks on surfaces of fired cases and bullets

    • equal to IAFIS

    • national program

  • Integrated ballistics identification system

    • contracted companies (measuring algorithm) by police crime labs nationwide

    • IBIS is computer tech taking pics of surfaces at a terminal and send pics to database

    • NIBIN IS A LE (law enforcement?) database

    • there are 222 sites of law enforcement by NBIN on cases/bullet

      • 60-70% accuracy

      • should improve color; statistics; 3d images

    • glocks produce rectangular firing pin mark

    • illegal weapons

      • extended stock

      • foregrip

      • shorter barrel on rifle

      • silencer

      • stabilizing brace

$\color{#967bb6}\rule{4000px}{2px}$Summary

1. refreactive index test

   • crush known and unknown

   • put in oil and heat oil

   • heat it till disapears like 70 degrees

   • if both disapear both unknown and known are similar

• second test(?) there was nine

1. two evidence was telephone record and cigarette butt they got saliva dna from lipstick secret third was dna/fingerprints on phone

2. what incriminating evidence they used to arrest the man from outside there was a tiny bloodstain belonging to doug miller

3. blood on crewneck blelonging to doug miller

4. three questions you can challenge in the case - eyewitnesses? how come doug millers skin cell was underfringertips if the other guy had gloves, no gun found to link him, what was his motive/intent

   caliber

   • inch; mm; gauge

5. caliper

   • tool for measurement

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Notes

Direction- clockwise or counter scratchess

Number- how many lands and grooves

width- of groove in barrel to land on bullet etc

ratio-

• bullet weapon connection

  • land inside barrel produces groove on barrel

  • there are equal numbers of lands and grooves inside barrel

  • the width of land inside barrel must b equal to grooves of bullet

6R- six lands and grooves right twisted (clockwise)

4L- 4 lands and grooves left twisted (counter clockwise)

• lab examination by striation

  • tiny lines on bullet naked to visible eye

  • use compound microscope to compare the striations

  • need 6 to be in agreement for them to match

  • steps

    • examine fire and suspected bullet with known sample by test fire using compound comparison microscope

    • compare by cliber/caliper

    • determine twist direction

    • count num of lands and grooves

    • widths of two lands

    • widths of two grooves

    • rotates to locate 6 striations

• Bullet shape and angle + surface

  • a- intact fired on soft surface

    • bullet doesnt become distorted/mishaped

  • b- ricocheted- low angle (30 below) on hard surface

    • used to determine shooter position

  • c- mushroomed- at 90degree onto hard surface

  • d- fragmental- at 90deg onto hard surface w/ short distance

CH4

3 featurs on prints- UPS, uniqueness, Permenance, Seven bil ppl on earth catagorize in 3 class and 11 subclasses

Smooth v ridge skin- smooth no line no pattern; ridge skin- had pattern for gripping/grabbing

plain v tented- most rare 5% PA- wave, TA- goes high & one line in middle, angular arch, exceptional arch(no deltas

plain worlv cpwl- circular, 2deltas, symetrical; 2deltas aysm is CPWL; double/twin loop- loops parallel,head against head; Lateral loopwhorl; 2 loops inside the two make a T, one lays on top of the other; accidental (35% for whorl)

ulnar v radial loop- 60% for loops); right hand- line enters and exists from pinky= ulnar; line enters & exists from thumb= radial(opp for left hand) if hand is unknown use slant

minutia- details, characterists, points (ridge endings, bifurcation, spur, crossover, land/eye, dot[lest useful bc sometimes its just dirt] short ridge

sweat pores is 3rd level of ID, not realistic bc needs lots of manufacturing

patent latent- plastic- 3d wax,paint,clay(rare); patent- 2d visible, bloody print; Latent)70-80%); Black powder- traditional but not being used as often; magnetic more used not that expensive

IAFISvAFIS- A; LAPB and local(only within local site, IAFIS; federal use all 50 states in one system(cross county/city results

porous v non porus- pouros water goes in more absorbant

CH5&6

pistol,revolver,rifle,shotgun- P;magazine, revolver. Cylinder/wheel, Rifle,stock, Shotgun,Pump/slide pump

relationship fired casings- shotgun= plastic, rifle=bottleneck; revolver=ring; pistol=groove*

action pistol v full auto- semi auto= one trigger one bullet; fully= press trigger 30 rounds in 2 secs its illegal 4 civilians

caliber- how to measure diameter- inch most common 45=45 units of 1 inch; mm/metric- 10mmexpensive;9mmcommon; gauge for shotguns measures 1lb of lead

firepin- indentation on primary weapon theory varies from gun to gun; extractor- cross shiftings holds on to the roof and pulls it back only on pistol and rifle; ejector- pulls bullet and ejects on rightside of the gun helps detrmine shooting position revolvers dont eject they stay in the chamber; breech face- wall on back of chamber casing hits the breechface and then ejects

pin imprestions- glock- rectangular (regular is round) ;drag- tounge shaped indentation near firing pin impression it helps us see that the gun was poorly maintained/old; recycled marks-

gram v grain- grain is measurement of how heavy the bullet is, to convert is grain X .065 = gram

caliber v caliper- caliber, measurement for diameter of bullet; caliper- measuring tool

dual system- .45(can b pistol or revolver), .38(0) (380 must b pistol(cheap), .38 super is pistol,) .357 mostly revolver and another german ammunition

9mm- average use of pistol,and uzi illegal bc full auto pistol made by isreal; .22 pistol, revolver, rifle, this is brim firing, firing impression is on the edge unlike others that is in the middle

CH6 firearm evidence

rifling direction- barrel cut inside to make grooves, uncut part is the lands rifling helps spin the bullet increasing speed, accureaccy&stability used to overcome air resistance and gravity

direction can either be clockwise -right twisted 85% or counter clockwise-left twisted

land produces grooves on bullet; grooves product land on bullet

lands and grooves are equal in number

1.direction 2.number 3. width 4. visual- to connect bullet to gun

6rv6l- 6 land and groove right twisted, 6 l and g right

intact- didnt change still rounded- has hit a soft material; richochet- slanted flat on one side- hit from an angle less than 30 degree and bounces off; mushroomed- bullet opened up hit 90 degree at short distance; fragmental- see pieces on ground bullet hit straight on short distance

standard v striation- striations are tiny lines we need them to align to make a match (need 6 to match) usually need 150 maginification to see

Internal v external/terminalv terminal ballisticsv trajectory(reconstruction)- internal- what happened inside the barrel; external how bullet flew from angel distance; termial- how bullet hit the surface, focused on the surface not the bullet

NIBIN V IBIN- IBIN softwear on bullets and casings, local pd’s buy the softwear and use it city county state; NIBIN- international firearm system allows to input retrive and compare bullets all across