Kinesiology study guide

These break down bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Throwing a baseball subjects this type of force on the radius bone of the arm.

Tension

A significant portion of bone weight is composed of collagen. Its there for this purpose

Strength and flexibility

Flat bones do THIS

Protect

THIS is one reason why long bones have expanded ends

Force dispersion and energy absorption

Without this mineral, muscle contraction cannot occur.

Calcium

Without this molecule, muscle contraction cycling cannot occur.

ATP

THIS comprises a single motor unit

Single motor neuron and ALL the muscle fibers it innervates

THIS is the type of muscle contraction in which the internal force generated by the muscle and the external force are equal

Isometric

THIS is the reason why, when stimulated to contract, not all myosin globular heads attach to actin active sites simultaneously

Fine motor control, avoids all or nothing activation

A union of 2 or more bones.

Joint

These are the primary joint stabilizers.

Ligaments

In the bike tire, rim & spokes analogy, this represents the tire.

Articular cartilage

Other than lubrication, this is a function of synovial fluid.

Protection or nutrition

This structure in a synovial joint is approximately 80% water.

Articular cartilage

THIS is the age (approximately) when you will reach your peak bone mass

30

Prior to birth, bones are comprised primarily of this.

Cartilage

THESE are the two ways in which you can “train”, or mechanically load, bone

Ground reaction forces and forces from muscular contractions

This is the process in which osteoblasts deposit calcium on the bone.

Polarized bone when bended, negative charge of bone attracts positive calcium ions

This is the explanation for overweight individuals being less likely to develop osteoarthritis.

More constant loading of bone due to excess body weight

This is the definition of age-related decline in muscle mass.

Sarcopenia

This is the primary method of muscle growth in the early stages of development after conception but before birth.

Hyperplasia

True/False.  Elderly adults are not able to increase their muscular strength to the same percentage as young adults.

False: while lifting less total weight, elderly can increase their strength to a GREATER magnitude than younger people

These are other reasons for increases in muscular strength, other than muscle size.

Neural factors, hormones, fiber type

Provide a brief summary of the concept of the “Disability Threshold” as it relates to reductions in muscular strength with age.

Strength decreases to such a point where everyday tasks, activities of daily living, are not possible. Without that ability, individuals cannot live/manage their lives on their own without help

Several body composition assessment methods work on the assumption that fat-free mass has THIS density

1.1 g/mL

Bioelectrical impedance operates on the principle that an electrical current passes slower through this type of bodily tissue.

Fat mass

This is why technicians use the phrase 'air = fat' during hydrostatic weighing.

Air is less dense than water. Air in body causes a person to read as less dense. Fat is less dense than FFM, so it reads as more body fat

This is the somatotype most people move towards as they age.

Endomorph

Simone Biles would be classified more towards this somatotype.

Mesomorph

THESE are ALL the variables needed when performing a hydrostatic weighing assessment…the variables needed to determine body volume.

Land weight, underwater weight, density, temperature of water, residual volume in lungs

True/False: Protection of internal organs is one of the physiological functions of bone.

False

Provides bone its rigidity and stiffness.

Calcium

True/False: A tension force on a bone is a force attempting to lengthen or stretch out a bone.

True

True/False: A short bone is composed of more compact bone and less spongy bone.

False

Small in size, with low force production and high oxidative enzyme activity, describing this type of skeletal muscle fiber in humans.

Type 1

This type of muscle contraction occurs when the external force exceeds the internal force.

Eccentric

True/False: If the activity of osteoblasts is outpacing the activity of osteoclasts, bone mass increases.

True

True/False: Children have a smaller proportion of collagen in their bones compared to older adults.

False

Peak bone mass age

30

Which muscular structure is the largest?

Muscle Fascicle