Kinesiology study guide

Bone:

  • THESE break down bone tissue (Osteoclasts)

  • Throwing a baseball would subjects THIS type of force on the radius bone of the arm (Tension)

  • A significant portion of bone weight is composed of collagen.  It is there for THIS purpose. (Strength and flexibility)

  • Flat bones do THIS (protect)

  • THIS is one reason why long bones have expanded ends. (Force dispersion, energy absorption)

Muscle:

  • Without THIS mineral, muscle contraction cannot occur (Calcium)

  • Without THIS molecule, muscle contraction cycling cannot occur (ATP)

  • THIS comprises a single motor unit (A single motor neuron and ALL the muscle fibers it innervates)

  • THIS is the type of muscle contraction in which the internal force generated by the muscle and the external force are equal (Isometric)

  • THIS is the reason why, when stimulated to contract, not all myosin globular heads attach to actin active sites simultaneously (Fine motor control. Avoids all or nothing activation)

Joints:

  • A joint is defined as THIS (A union of 2 or more bones)

  • THESE are the primary joint stabilizers (Ligaments)

  • In the bike tire, rim & spokes analogy, THIS is the tire (Articular cartilage)

  • OTHER THAN lubrication, THIS is a function of synovial fluid (Protection or nutrition)

  • It is THIS structure in a synovial joint that is approximately 80% water (Articular cartilage)

Bone Changes with Aging and Training:

  • THIS is the age (approximately) when you will reach your peak bone mass (30)

  • Prior to birth, bones are comprised primarily of THIS (Cartilage)

  • THESE are the two ways in which you can “train”, or mechanically load, bone (Ground reaction forces and forces from muscular contractions)

  • We know that osteoblasts build bone. THIS is the process in which osteoblasts deposit calcium on the bone.  More than one word answer (Polarized bone when bended. Negative charge of bone attracts positive calcium ions)

  • THIS is the explanation as to why overweight individuals are less likely to develop osteoarthritis (More constant loading of bone due to excess body weight)

Muscle Changes with Aging and Training:

  • THIS is the definition of sarcopenia (Age-related decline in muscle mass)

  • THIS is the primary method of muscle growth in the early stages of development after conception but before birth. (Hyperplasia)

  • True/False.  Elderly adults are not able to increase their muscular strength to the same percentage as young adults.  EXPLAIN FOR POINTS. (False.  While lifting less total weight, elderly can increase their strength to a GREATER magnitude that younger)

  • THESE are other reasons for increases in muscular strength, other than muscle size. NAME ONE. (Neural factors, hormones, fiber type)

  • Provide a brief summary of the concept of the “Disability Threshold” as it relates to reductions in muscular strength with age. (Strength decreases to such a point where everyday tasks, activities of daily living, are not possible.  Without that ability, individuals cannot live/manage their lives on their own without help).

Anthropometry:

  • Several body composition assessment methods work on the assumption that fat-free mass has THIS density. (1.1 g/mL)

  • Bioelectrical impedance operates on the principle that an electrical current passes slower through THIS type of bodily tissue (Fat mass)

  • THIS is the reason that many technicians, when doing hydrostatic weighing, use the phrase, “air = fat” to their subject.  (Air is less dense than water. Air in body causes person to read as less dense. Fat is less dense than FFM, so it reads as more body fat)

  • This is the somatotype that most people move towards as they get older (Endomorph)

  • Simone Biles would be classified more towards THIS somatotype (Mesomorph)

Final Jeopardy:

THESE are ALL the variables needed when performing a hydrostatic weighing assessment…the variables needed to determine body volume.  (Land weight, Underwater weight, Density and Temperature of water, Residual Volume in Lungs)

Quiz 1, January 29:

  1. Protection of internal organs is one of the physiological functions of bone.  FALSE

  2. Which of the following provides bone its rigidity and stiffness?

    1. Carbonate

    2. Calcium

    3. Collagen

    4. Chloride

  3. A tension force on a bone is a force that would be attempting to lengthen or stretch out a bone.  TRUE

  4. A short bone is composed of more compact bone and less spongy bone.  FALSE

  5. Which muscular structure is the largest?

    1. Muscle myofibril

    2. Muscle fiber

    3. Muscle fascicle

Quiz 2, February 7:

  1. Small in size, with low force production and high oxidative enzyme activity is describing what type of skeletal muscle fiber in humans?

    1. Type 1

    2. Type IIa

    3. Type IIx

    4. Type III

  2. Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the external force exceeds the internal force?

    1. Concentric

    2. Eccentric

    3. Isometric

  3. If the activity of the osteoblasts are outpacing the activity of the osteoclasts, what results in increasing bone mass.  TRUE

  4. Children have a smaller proportion of collagen in their bones compared to older adults.  FALSE

  5. Peak bone mass occurs at about what age?

    1. 15

    2. 20

    3. 30

    4. 40