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Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.

department store

a retail store that carries a wide variety of product lines, each operated as a separate department managed by specialist buyers or merchandisers

mass consumerism

Refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods

white collar jobs for women

Development of large industrial plants and the expansion of government services created a large number of white collar jobs (clerks, secretary, teaching, etc.) Offered freedom from domestic patterns.

Josephine Butler

(1828-1906) English reformer who challenged the Contagious Diseases Acts in order to protect the livelihood and rights of women.

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

A German working-class political party founded in the 1870s, championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament.

May Day

May 1st, became known as an international labor day to be marked by strikes and mass labor demonstrations. Gave working class power over their employers

Eduard Bernstein

German social democratic theoretician and politician, a member of the SPD, and the founder of evolutionary socialism and revisionism.

trade unions

Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions

anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments

Michael Bakunin

(1814-1876) Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. Believed that revolutionary movements should be lead by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state and create a new social order.

mass society

a society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.

emigration

movement of individuals out of a population

Edwin Chadwick

This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses

Octavia Hill

Worked to provide homes for the poor

urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

"family planning"

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Boy Scouts

Scouts founded in 1910. Its goal is to train the youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities

Cult of Demesticity

Idea that women were mothers and tended around the house and men worked

mass education

the extension of formal schooling to wide segments of the population

female teachers

Demand for teachers caused by a mandatory elementary education. Most of these teachers were female because men viewed teachers as an extension of the "natural role" of mothers as nurturers. Low salary. Universities for women were teacher-training schools.

mass leisure

forms of leisure that appeal to large numbers of people in a society, including the working classes; emerged at the end of the nineteenth century to provide workers with amusements after work and on weekends; used during the twentieth century by totalitarian states to control their populations

team sports

organized physical activities with specific rules, played by opposing groups of people

mass politics

reforms encouraged expansion of political democracy through voting rights formed and creation of mass political parties

home rule

power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church to make them subject to state controls

Otto von Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified Germany (smaller Southern states to join Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to diplomacy

Dual Monarchy

The joining of Austria and Hungary under two different crowns

Alexander III

(1881) son of Alex II, increased use of secret police, censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russian-unification to suppress non-Russians, pogroms. Promoted economic modernization.

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate/resign after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

feminists

advocates of women's rights

Emmaline Pankhurst

a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

positivism

the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Marie Curie

A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles

Friedrich Hegel

Most influential philosopher of the century. Believed history was the process of upward evolution or self-realization of the world spirit.

• ideas are the driving force of history

Nietzsche

influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values (1844-1900)

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)