Chapter 22 History

Treaty of Paris

The 1763 peace treaty that ended the Seven Years' War, transferring vast French territories in North America to Britain.

Declaration of Independence

The 1776 document in which the American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain.

Antifederalists

Opponents of the American Constitution who believed it threatened individual rights and concentrated government power.

Estates General

The traditional representative assembly of the three estates of France that convened in 1789.

National Assembly

French representative assembly formed in 1789 by the delegates of the Third Estate.

Jacobin Club

A political club during the French Revolution that included many deputies of the Legislative Assembly.

Mountain

A radical faction of the French National Convention, led by Robespierre.

Girondists

A moderate group that vied for control of the French National Convention in 1793.

sans-culottes

The laboring poor of Paris who wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the wealthy.

Reign of Terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which the Committee of Public Safety executed thousands of perceived enemies.

Thermidorian Reaction

A backlash in 1794 against the Reign of Terror, resulting in Robespierre's execution and the loosening of controls.

Napoleonic Code

French civil code established in 1804 that confirmed the equality of all male citizens before the law.

Grand Empire

The empire ruled by Napoleon, encompassing nearly all of Europe except Great Britain.

Continental System

Napoleon's blockade that prevented ships from Britain and its colonies from docking at French-controlled ports.

Haitian Revolution

The revolution that led to the establishment of Haiti, the first independent nation in Latin America.

Creoles

Individuals of European descent born in the colonies who developed distinct interests from those in Europe.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A former enslaved person who became a leader of the Haitian Revolution and fought against colonial powers.

Jean Jacques Dessalines

L'Ouverture's lieutenant who united and led the resistance to victory, declaring the independence of Haiti.

peninsulares

Natives of Spain and Portugal who resided in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.

Simon Bolivar

A key leader in the liberation efforts throughout Latin America, known as 'The Liberator'.