Chapter 22 History

Chapter Overview

• Chapter 22: Revolutions in the Atlantic World (1775-1825)

Key Terms and Main Ideas

• Important Terms:

  • Treaty of Paris

  • Declaration of Independence

  • Antifederalists

  • Estates General

  • National Assembly

  • Jacobin Club

  • Mountain

  • Girondists

  • Sans-culottes

  • Reign of Terror

  • Thermidorian reaction

  • Napoleonic Code

  • Grand Empire

  • Continental System

  • Peninsulares

• Key Revolutions:

  • American Revolution

  • French Revolution

  • Haitian Revolution

  • Latin American Revolutions

Geographic Context

• Map Overview:

  • Regions Covered: North America, Caribbean, South America, Europe, and parts of Africa.

  • Trade routes highlighting colonial exports and imports, including the Middle Passage and various trade goods.

Background to Revolution

• Factors Leading to Revolutions:

  • Enlightenment ideas, imperial competition, and financial crises from imperial warfare.

• Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War:

  • Significant conflict fueling colonial dissatisfaction leading to American Revolution.

American Revolution

• Treaty of Paris (1763):

  • Treaty ending the Seven Years' War giving Britain vast territories.

  • Consequences of the war included a doubled British national debt leading to increased taxation of colonies (e.g., Stamp Act).

• Protesting British Rule:

  • Colonial outrage over Stamp Act and Coercive Acts.

  • Key conflicts:

    • Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770): 5 civilians killed, including Crispus Attucks.

    • Boston Tea Party.

• Declaration of Independence (1776):

  • Document proclaiming colonies' autonomy and redefined English rights as universal.

  • Opposition by Antifederalists who opposed the Constitution's perceived overreach.

French Revolution

• Estates General (1789):

  • Assembly representing France's three estates in response to state bankruptcy.

• National Assembly:

  • Formed by representatives of the Third Estate to create a new parliamentary structure.

• Jacobin Club:

  • Political group with significant influence during the Revolution; radical faction led by Robespierre.

• Key Factions:

  • Mountain: Led by Robespierre, radical faction of the National Convention.

  • Girondists: Moderate faction seeking more gradual reform.

  • Sans-culottes: Working-class militants favoring radical change.

Reign of Terror

• Period (1793-1794):

  • Under Robespierre, thousands executed for suspected political crimes, with harsh new cultural norms.

Aftermath of Reign of Terror

• Thermidorian Reaction (1794):

  • Response leading to Robespierre's execution, loosening of economic controls, and the establishment of the Directory

  • Directory ultimately weakened and overthrown by Napoleon.

Napoleonic France

• Napoleonic Code (1804):

  • Civil code ensuring equality before the law, safeguarding property rights.

• Grand Empire:

  • Napoleon's dominion over most of Europe.

• Continental System:

  • Economic blockade against Britain restricting trade.

Haitian Revolution

• Origins:

  • Sparked by French colonial injustices in Saint Domingue (Haiti).

• Social Structure:

  • Complex hierarchy: Grand Blancs, Petit Blancs, free people of color, enslaved Africans.

• Role of Toussaint L’Ouverture:

  • Former enslaved person leading revolutionary forces; defeated foreign interventions and gained control of the island.

  • Captured by Napoleon, leading to further struggles for independence.

Declaring Independence

• Jean Jacques Dessalines:

  • L’Ouverture’s lieutenant, declared independence on January 1, 1804; established Haiti as the first nation born of a successful slave revolt.

Responses to Independence

• Impact on the Americas:

  • Fear among slaveholding societies in the U.S.; Thomas Jefferson's refusal to recognize Haiti.

  • Quote reflecting the tension surrounding slavery in the U.S.

Latin American Revolutions

• Colonial Boundaries:

  • Vast territories controlled by Spain and Portugal, spurring independence movements from 1806 to 1825.

  • Simon Bolivar played a pivotal role in liberation efforts across Latin America.

• Peninsulares:

  • Term for natives of Spain and Portugal residing in the Americas, often in positions of power.