Chapter 22 History

Important Terms:
- Treaty of Paris
- Declaration of Independence
- Antifederalists
- Estates General
- National Assembly
- Jacobin Club
- Mountain
- Girondists
- Sans-culottes
- Reign of Terror
- Thermidorian reaction
- Napoleonic Code
- Grand Empire
- Continental System
- Peninsulares
Key Revolutions:
- American Revolution
- French Revolution
- Haitian Revolution
- Latin American Revolutions

Map Overview:
- Regions Covered: North America, Caribbean, South America, Europe, and parts of Africa.
- Trade routes highlighting colonial exports and imports, including the Middle Passage and various trade goods.

Factors Leading to Revolutions:
- Enlightenment ideas, imperial competition, and financial crises from imperial warfare.
Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War:
- Significant conflict fueling colonial dissatisfaction leading to American Revolution.

Treaty of Paris (1763):
- Treaty ending the Seven Years' War giving Britain vast territories.
- Consequences of the war included a doubled British national debt leading to increased taxation of colonies (e.g., Stamp Act).
Protesting British Rule:
- Colonial outrage over Stamp Act and Coercive Acts.
- Key conflicts:
  - Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770): 5 civilians killed, including Crispus Attucks.
  - Boston Tea Party.
Declaration of Independence (1776):
- Document proclaiming colonies' autonomy and redefined English rights as universal.
- Opposition by Antifederalists who opposed the Constitution's perceived overreach.

Estates General (1789):
- Assembly representing France's three estates in response to state bankruptcy.
National Assembly:
- Formed by representatives of the Third Estate to create a new parliamentary structure.
Jacobin Club:
- Political group with significant influence during the Revolution; radical faction led by Robespierre.
Key Factions:
- Mountain: Led by Robespierre, radical faction of the National Convention.
- Girondists: Moderate faction seeking more gradual reform.
- Sans-culottes: Working-class militants favoring radical change.

Period (1793-1794):
- Under Robespierre, thousands executed for suspected political crimes, with harsh new cultural norms.

Thermidorian Reaction (1794):
- Response leading to Robespierre's execution, loosening of economic controls, and the establishment of the Directory
- Directory ultimately weakened and overthrown by Napoleon.

Napoleonic Code (1804):
- Civil code ensuring equality before the law, safeguarding property rights.
Grand Empire:
- Napoleon's dominion over most of Europe.
Continental System:
- Economic blockade against Britain restricting trade.

Origins:
- Sparked by French colonial injustices in Saint Domingue (Haiti).
Social Structure:
- Complex hierarchy: Grand Blancs, Petit Blancs, free people of color, enslaved Africans.
Role of Toussaint L’Ouverture:
- Former enslaved person leading revolutionary forces; defeated foreign interventions and gained control of the island.
- Captured by Napoleon, leading to further struggles for independence.

Jean Jacques Dessalines:
- L’Ouverture’s lieutenant, declared independence on January 1, 1804; established Haiti as the first nation born of a successful slave revolt.

Impact on the Americas:
- Fear among slaveholding societies in the U.S.; Thomas Jefferson's refusal to recognize Haiti.
- Quote reflecting the tension surrounding slavery in the U.S.

Colonial Boundaries:
- Vast territories controlled by Spain and Portugal, spurring independence movements from 1806 to 1825.
- Simon Bolivar played a pivotal role in liberation efforts across Latin America.
Peninsulares:
- Term for natives of Spain and Portugal residing in the Americas, often in positions of power.