memory

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48 Terms

1

memory

ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2

three key functions of memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

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3

encoding

process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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4

storage

process of maintaining information in memory over time

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5

retrieval

process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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6

henry molaison

had hippocampus removed and had a 30-second memory span as a result

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7

three ways to encode

semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, organizational encoding

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8

semantic encoding

process of actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory

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9

visual imagery encoding

process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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10

organizational encoding

process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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11

sensory storage

storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

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12

iconic memory

fast-decaying store of visual information

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13

echoic memory

fast-decaying store of auditory information

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14

short-term memory

storage that holds information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute; can hold about 7 items

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15

rehearsal

the process of keeping information in the short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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16

serial position effect

suggests that we best remember the first and last items in a series and find it difficult to remember items in the middle

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17

primacy effect

we best remember the first item in a series

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18

recency effect

we best remember the last item in a series

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19

chunking

combining small pieces of information into larger chunks that are more easily held in the short-term memory

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20

working memory

stores and manipulates information

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21

long-term memory

no known capacity limit, can hold information for hours, days, weeks, or years

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22

consolidation

process by which memories become stable in the brain

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23

reconsolidation

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

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24

long-term potentiation (LTP)

process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

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25

engram

physical traces of memory

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26

explicit memory

act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences, processed in hippocampus & frontal lobes

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27

semantic memory

facts & knowledge, form of explicit memory

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28

episodic memory

experienced events, form of explicit memory

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29

implicit memory

influence of past experience on later behavior, even without effort/awareness of recollection. processed in cerebellum & basal ganglia

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30

types of implicit memory

procedural memory, priming, classic conditioning, space/time/frequency

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31

metacognition

awareness of our thoughts towards a task to help control our learning

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32

self-reference effect

the tendency for people to better remember information when it has been encoded in reference to the self

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33

encoding specificity principle

principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to which it taps into info that was encoded at the time of original learning. cue helps us recreate memory (ex: taking a test in the room you learned the material in)

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34

context-dependent memory

memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled

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35

priming

the activation of particular associations in our memory; often unconscious

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36

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to more easily remember events that have a congruence with one’s current mood

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37

state-dependent memory

memory that is aided or impeded by a person’s internal state of consciousness

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38

next-in-line effect

a person in a group has diminished recall for words of others who spoke immediately before or after the person — failure of encoding

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39

proactive interference

old blocks new — the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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40

retroactive interference

new blocks old - the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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41

retrieval failure

momentarily inaccessible due to interference, faulty cues, emotional states (TOT, “tip-of-the-tongue”)

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42

distributed practice/spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention

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43

testing effect

the finding that long-term memory is often increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information

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44

massed practice

produces speedy short-term learning

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45

flashbulb memory

vividly recollection of where someone was when an event occurred that was significant to them

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46

recall

requires a person to retrieve information from memory without any external cues

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47

recognition

involves identifying previously learned information from a set of options

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48

relearning

measures how much faster someone can relearn previously learned material compared to learning it for the first time

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