bio exam 5

greenhouse effect

atmospheric greenhouse gases trap energy from the sun

* sun warms the earths surface heat radiates outward and some heat warms greenhouse gases in the atmosphere making heat re-radiated back to earth

global climate change

local changes in average climate conditions

* temperature
* precipitation
* sea level

what are the effects of global climate change

* more severe weather
* unprecedented droughts
* torrential rains
* global melting of glaciers
* rise in sea level

how does bodies of water help minimize greenhouse effect

absorbs and stores heat energy from surroundings

how does surface water help minimize green house effect

* maintain stable temps due to: water heats slowly, resists temp changes

what is carbon cycling

carbon that flows between living organisms (biotic feature) the atmosphere and abiotic ( non living features) bodies of water, land, rocks

what are fossil fuels

highly concentrated energy sources that are produced from unconsumed carbohydrates of ancient, buried organisms and are transformed by heat and pressure

what are examples of fossil fuels

petroleum, coal, natural gas

what are fossil fuels used for

power building such as airplanes ships trains cars

what is cellular respiration

chemical processes used by cells that converts food into ATP

cellular respiration examples

glucose (sugars) made into carbon dioxide, water and ATP thru a series of chemical reactions

what is photosynthesis

the process used by plants and certain microbes to trap light energy

what does photosynthesis do

uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen

where does photosynthesis occur

structure of chloroplasts

chloroplast envelope

inner and outer membranes

stroma

thick fluid in chloroplast holding enzymes for photosynthesis

where are light independent reactions located?

stroma

thylakoids

disk like membranous structures; stacked in piles containing pigments

where are light dependent reactions located

thylakoids

what are pigment molecules that absorb light in leaves

predominately chlorophyll

pigment molecule

chlorophyll: covers the surface of thylakoid membranes

what absorbs light energy from the sun, well as blue and red wavelengths, and reflects green wavelengths

pigment molecules

what is the process of photosynthesis

occurs in two steps in different areas of the chloroplasts

* the light reactions
* light independent reactions

light reactions

sunlight excites chlorophyll electrons in thylakoid

produce oxygen, ATP and NADH

light independent reactions (calvin cycle)

begins with ribulose biphosphate

carbon dioxide added to RuBP making a 6 carbon molecule

the 6 carbon molecule is broken into 3 carbon molecules

light independent reactions

imput of ATP and NADH over many steps produces glyceraldehyde three phosphate ( G3P)

* most G3P molecules produced are used to regenerate RuBP
* excess G3P (1 out of 6) used to make glucose and other carbohydrates elsewhere in the cell

plants can also obtain CO2 using what

stomata

stomata

holes in the leaf tissue

guard cells

regulate stomach openings

transpiration

movement of water through stomata

what happens when the stomata is open

carbon dioxide enters, water lost

what happens when the stomata is closed

water conserved carbon dioxide and photosynthesis limited

why can higher temperatures lower the rate of photosynthesis

due to the need to consume water

angiosperm

flowering plants

most agricultural plant

what do angiosperms do

Produce energy storing seeds within the fruit

what are vegetative organs

* roots
* stems
* leaves

what are reproductive organs

* flowers
* fruit

plant tissues

make up plant organs

epidermal tissue

the outer covering of the plant body

* for water absorption and retention

ground tissue

remainder of plant body; mainly in leaves and taproots

* cells perform photosynthesis or store starch

roots

primary storage organ

what do roots do

absorb water and minerals from soil through root hairs

roots are what

modified agricultural crops that store carbohydrates in ground tissue

examples of roots

carrots

parsnips

sugar beets

plant tissues

makeup plant organs

vascular tissue

liquid conducting tissue

xylem

carries water and minerals from roots to leaves

phloem

carries food (sap) throughout the plant

stems

serve a support structures for other organs

what has a lot of vascular tissue

stems

what is modified for food storage

stems

tubers

enlarged structures on underground stems

what are a couple examples of tubers

white potato and yams

translocation

movement of phloem sap

* movement from the source (with a high concentration of sugar) to sink (where nutrients are used for of accumulated)

plant tissues

make up plant organs

ground tissue

remainder of plant body ; mainly in leaves or taproots

where do cells perform photosynthesis or store starch

ground tissue

meristematic tissue

at tips of roots and stems

* for cell division and growth

leaves

primary site of photosynthesis; food factories of a plant

where do domesticated plants store food

in modified leaves

bulbs

underground storage structures with short stems and fleshy carbohydrate filled leaves

* onion, garlic

roots with what kinda of tissue have a symbiotic relationship with fungus

meristematic

mycorrhizae

symbiotic fungal strands receiving plant carbohydrates

what does mycorrhizae do

increase surface area for nutrient and water absorption

how to prevent stem damage

* cut flowers in early morning
* plants full of water

transpiration

water lost from leaves through evaporation

pulls up columns of xylem sap

water and dissolved minerals obtained from the soil

evaporation

of water at leafs surface creates water tension

adhesion

of water to xylem cell walls and cohesion to other water molecules maintains continuity of xylem sap even under extreme tension

water tension

also in soil as it is drawn into stems

annual plants

complete life cycle in one growing season and survive only one year

common garden flowers

petunia

pansy

morning glory

cosmos

biennial plants

live for two years

what do biennial plants do in the first year

\-produce leaves

\- survive dormancy

\- store nutrients in roots or underground stems

\

what do biennial plants do in the second year

\-flower

what are the best loved garden flowers

hollyhock

forget me not

delphinium

perennial plants

live for many seasons

store nutrients in underground structures

produce flowers every year

what are some favorite perennials

phlox

peony

daylilies

tulips

climate

average conditions of a place measured over time

weather

current condition related to temperature, wind, and precipitation

low solar irradiance

a large surface area is hit by the sun and light is scattered as it passes through significant atmosphere

high solar irradiance

a small surface area is hit by the sun and light passes through little atmosphere so less is scattered

how is the global wind pattern affected

earth rotation

what does global wind pattern create

creates prevailing winds and explains band of rain forests near the equator and great deserts near 30 degrees north and south

earths terrestrial surface

land areas used for human habitation needs such as homes, roads, manufacturing facilities and trash dumps

terrestrial biome

Geographic area defined by its primary vegetation.

climate is determined by

water availability

* total precipitation
* liquid water

size of plants

temperature

what are the four basic terrestrial biome categories

* forest
* grassland
* dessert
* tundra

what are the characteristics of a tundra

very low average temperature

very short growing season, permafrost

most animals migrate

where is a tundra located

near the poles and at very high altitudes

what are characteristics of a dessert

scant rainfall

dry soils, very little vegetation

plants often covered with spines and adapted to store water

where are desserts located

near 30 north or south of the equator: northern Africa (Sahara) central Asia (Gobi) the middle east central Australia and the southwestern US

characteristics of forests and shrublands

dominated by woody plants

where are forests and shrublands located

varies

what are characteristics of tropical biomes

high rainfall, high average temps

tall trees with relatively little understory

a great diversity of species

where are tropical biomes located

around the equator: central and south America, central Africa india southeast Asia and indonesia

what are the characteristics of a temperate biome

sufficient rainfall, some freezing temperatures, three distinct

where are temperate biomes located

middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere: eastern north america, western and central europe and eastern china

what are the characteristics of a boreal biome

sufficient rainfall with cold average temperatures

dominated by evergreen coniferous trees with a very short growing season

where are boreal biomes located

northern latitudes and high altitudes: northern north America, northern Europe and asia, and high mountains in more temperate zones