social psychology

social psychology

scientific study of how individuals think and behave in a social context. concerning **other people**

social cognition

the way people gather, use, and interpret information about the social aspects of the world

attribution theory

fritz heider. we explain someones behavior by creating internal characteristics or environmental factors

dispositional attributions

internal characteristics (personal traits) such as intelligence or personality

situational attributions

environmental factors

cognitive bias

error in thinking that affects decisions and judgments. helps us reach decisions quickly

fundamental attribution error

tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal factors when assessing others actions

self serving bias

tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and give ourselves credit when good things happen. protecting our self esteem

actor observer bias

tendency to make different attributions depending upon whether they are a acter or observer in a situation

false consensus effect

tendency to oversetimate how much other people agree with us. leads us to think our beliefs and ideas are normal

just-world phenomenon

people get what they deserve. rationalization for injustice, victim blaming

attitude

evaluation of a person or idea. either favorable or unfavorable

central route of persuasion

influence by fact and logic. more effective when people are already interested in topic. Greta Thunberg

peripheral route of persuasion

influence through credibility. more effective when people aren’t interested in topic. celebrity endorsement

foot in the door phenomenon

agreeing to a large request if they have first compiled to a small request. building UP

door in the face technique

first refuse a large request, more likely to agree to a small request. smaller is usually origional want. build DOWN

cognitive dissonance theory

Leon Festinger. when we act against our beliefs, we will rationalize our behavior, change conflicting behavior to match our beliefs

social influence

people are affected by the real or imagined pressures of others

chameleon effect

unconsciously mimicking others. helps us empathize. yawning

conformity

the act of matching attitudes beliefs and behaviors to group norms

muzafer sherif

1936. studied how norms develop in small groups

soloman asch

1951. studied how peoples beleifs affect the beliefs of others. conformity happened 1/3 of the time

Informational social influence

our assumption that the group is smarter than an individual. we want to be correct

normative social influence

conforming due to wanting to fit in or avoiding rejection

obedience

changing ones behavior at the direct command of an authroity figure/ person with social power

stanley milgram

FRQ. milgram experiment. voltage. determined the willingness to obey an authority figure commands even though they conflict with their beleifs

zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

demonstrated the powerful role that the situation can play in human behavior . in social situations we adapt a role and fit out attitudes into that role

social facilitation

FRQ. process where the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on hard ones

social inhibition

FRQ. performance is poorer on hard tasks when watched by others (learning a sport)

social loafing

tendancy to put forth less effort when part of a group

sucker effect

everyone goofd off, withholding effort so they’re no the ‘sucker’ who does all the work

deindividuation

loss of a persons sense of individuality and the reduction of normal contraints against deviant behavior

group polarization

extreme ideas seem less risky if the view is also held by other people. nazi reddit

groupthink

FRQ. group members try to minimize conflict and reach a conscious decision without deeper thinking. desire. forharmony

social dilemma

people acting in their own self interest will create the worst outcome for everyone. not recycling

prisoners dilemma

when one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. bella smith

GRIT

strategy designed to decrease internationl tensions. effective in increasinf trust and cooperation

stereotype

overgeneralized ideas about a group of people. **simplified assumption** based on prior experiences**.** NOT a heuristic

prejudice

prejudgement. unjustified negative attitude about a group of people we dont accociate with

discrimination

negative behavior toward members of a target group based on race, ethnicity, etc.

stereotype threat

when people feel at risk of performing as they’re supposed to

self-fulfilling policy

expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior, making the expectation true

scapegoat theory

members of a group in power hold members of less powerful group responsible for their problems

gordon allport

he connected scapegoating with feelings of prejudice. gives people a sense of more control

in-groups

group that we identify with. ‘us’. provides self esteem and identity

ethnocentrism

tendency to use your own culture as the standard, your society is superior

out groups

social group whom a person does not identify with. ‘them’

other race effect

viewing people in out groups as being similar

contact hypothesis

bringing members from different groups together will reduce prejudice. exposure

aggression

range of behaviors intended to cause harm to others. physical verbal and relational

hostile aggression

strong emotion, anger, with harm being the goal. lashing out

instrumental aggression

intent to harm another person through motivation to advance a cause or achieve something. terrorism

genetic influence on aggression

seem to predispose people to aggression or passivity. possibly linked to Y chromosome. amygdala and frontal lobe. warrior gene

relational aggression

harming someones social relationships or inclusion in a group. girls. rumors

social learning and aggression

reactions are more likley to be aggressive in situations where experience taught us that aggression pays

frustration-aggression principle

idea that people become aggressive when theyre frustrated from being blicked from reaching a goal

muzafer sherif

robbers cave- summer camp. found that people look past differences when they have a common group

implicit bias/attitude

unconsciously harboring negative assossiations and unknowingly acting out these emotions

in group bias

favor our own group as opposed to the outgroup

kitty genovese

stabbed in a parking lot by a man and then raped and killed by him 30 mins later. **led to 911**

bystander effect

the greater the number of people present, the less likley people are to help. diffusion of responsibility

bystander intervention

helping in an emercency despite the presence of others

altruism

the unselfish concern for other people. doing thingd simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to. prosocial behavior

prosocial behavior

any action that benefits other people

social exchange theory

theory that altrusim only exists when the benefits outweigh the costs

empathy-alturism hypothesis

theory that altrusim DOES exist and its evoked by the empathetic desire to help someone who is suffering. empathy

reciprocity

returning the favor. feeling the need to reciprocate when one has done something for us

social responsibility norm

**societal rule** that we should help others who need it even if they can’t repay us. Old people, homeless, charity

mirror-image perceptions

conflicting people view themselves as peacefull and good, and the opposing side as hostile and evil

superordinate goal

a goal that both parties want to acheive and that transcend group boundaries

diffusion of responsibility

passive. you assume you dont need to do something because theres alot more people who could

helpers high

when we help others we feel better about ourselves

social scripts

culturally modeled guided for how to act in certain situations

interpersonal attraction

all the things that lead people to like eachother. proximity, familiarity, reciprocity of liking, similarity, physical attractivness

mere exposure effect

increased exposure to someone makes us like them more

matching hypothesis

people have atendency to choose partners who are equally attractive to them

halo effect

our impression of someone influences how we feel about them. more attractive=better

sternberg’s components of love

intimacy, passion, commitment. he also had general intelligence

intamacy

feelings of closeness or the sense of having close emotional ties. psychological

passion

physcial. arousal towards someone, sex hugs kisses

commitment

decisions one makes about a relationship. promise to sustain the relationship

passionate love

fatuous love. emotional love thats expressed in a physical manner. total absorbtion. honeymoon phase. passion and commitment

companionable love

passionate love that has settles to warm enduring love. intamacy and commitment. long term relationship

consummate love

the most complete and ideal form of love. intamacy, passion, commitment

reward theory of attraction

we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us. talk more=like more