AUGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

ap chemistry.

Empirical formulas

give the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Molecular formulas

give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound

Pure substance

composition always same, made of a single type of atom or molecule

Mixture

variable composition; different characteristics, made of 2 or more types of atoms or molecules

Element

pure substance, cannot be broken down, composed of 1 kind of atom

Compounds

Pure substance, chemical combo of elements, made of 2+ atoms chemically combined

Homogenous

Mixture, uniform composition throughout the sample, atoms/molecules mixed uniformly, every piece of a sample has identical characteristics

Heterogeneous

Mixture, does not have uniform composition throughout, atoms/molecules not mixed uniformly, different pieces of sample have different characteristics

Solution

homogenous mixture

Dissolve

to mix in

Soluble

substance dissolves

Insoluble

substance does not dissolve

Solute

substance to be dissolved in solvent

Solvent

substance that dissolves the solute

Intensive properties

do not depend on the amount of matter (mass) in a sample

Extensive properties

depend on how much matter a sample contains

Evidence of chemical change

production of heat, light; sound is given off; new color appears; evolution of gas, fizzing; precipitation

Isotope

atoms of the same element having different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons

Ion

an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons and has become charged either positively or negatively

Ionic bond

don’t forget to write the definition. don’t u dare. nooooo

Covalent bond

atoms share an electron

Naming group 1 and 2 metal and nonmetal

1. Name the first ion

2. Name second ion with -ide ending

Naming transition metal and nonmetal

1. Name the first ion

2. Use roman numeral to identify charge of transition metal ion

3. Name second ion with -ide ending

Naming nonmetal and nonmetal

1. Name the first atom

2. Use prefix to indicate how many of each atom

3. Name second atom with -ide ending

Mono

1 (prefix)

Di

2 (prefix)

Tri

3 (prefix)

Tetra

4 (prefix)

Penta

5 (prefix)

Hexa

6 (prefix)

Hepta

7 (prefix)

Octa

8 (prefix)

Nona

9 (prefix)

Deca

10 (prefix)

Naming group 1 or 2 metal and polyatomic ion

1. Name the first ion

2. Name the polyatomic ion

Naming transition metal and polyatomic ion

1. Name the first ion

2. Use a roman numeral to indicate the charge of the transition metal ion

3. Name the polyatomic ion

Naming acids: anion without O

ends in -ide (acid)

Naming acids: anion ending in -ate

-ic ending (acid)

Naming acids: anion with -ite ending

-ous ending (acid)

Combustion

C_xH_y + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Decomposition (Hydroxide)

XOH → XO + H₂O

Decomposition (Chlorate)

XClO₃ → XCl + O₂

Decomposition (Carbonate)

XCO₃ → XO + CO₂

Decomposition (Metal Oxide)

XO → X + O₂

Percent Yield

(actual yield / theoretical yield)*100

Hydrate equation

Anhydrous solid*xH₂O → Anhydrous solid + xH₂O

Hydrate mass

Mass_hydrate = Mass_{anhydrous solid} + Mass_H2O

Calculating coefficient hydrate thing

(mol_H2O)/(mol_{anhydrous solid}) = x