ap psych semester 1 finals units 1-5

Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate

Many confounding variables

Which of the following hypotheses would be most difficult to test experimentally?

Divorce makes children more independent

Some psychologists consider Stanley Milgram's obedience studies to be unethical because of which ethical consideration?

Risk of long-term harm

One of the principal differences between the ethical guidelines for human and animal research is:

Animal subjects can be placed at greater physical risk than human subjects can

Tamar scored 145 on an IQ test with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What is her z score?

+3

What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3?

5

Which of the following is an example of random sampling?

I. Picking out of a hat to assign each of three classes to an experimental condition.
II. Having a computer generate a random list of 100 high school students.
III. Approaching any 50 students during 6th period lunch.

II only

Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind

Depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory

In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of aggression?

A behaviorist might state aggression caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior

The research methodology Wilhelm Wundt used is called

Introspection

Which of the following psychologists wrote the first psychology textbook?

William James

Which of the following psychologists was part of the Gestalt group of psychologists?

Max Wertheimer

Which of the following concepts is most integral to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

The unconscious mind

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for being

Unscientific and unverifiable

John Watson relied on the pioneering work of _______ in establishing behaviorism as a paradigm of psychology

Ivan Pavlov

B. F. Skinner introduced the idea of __________ to the paradigm of behaviorism

Reinforcement

Which of the following psychologists might have described himself as humanist?

Abraham Maslow

Symbolic dream analysis might be an important research technique to a psychologist from which of the following perspectives?

Psychoanalytic

Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior as a result of

Past conditioning

A therapist who says that she uses whatever psychological perspective "works best" for each patient might be best described as

Eclectic

What term describes a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems?

Applied Research

What branch of psychology is devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits?

Psychometrics

What type of integrated approach incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis?

Biopsychological Approach

What term describes John Locke and Frances Bacon's view that knowledge originates from experience?

Empiricism

What is today's definition of psychology?

The science of behavior and mental processes

During what time period was psychology described as "the science of mental life"?

Origins to 1920s

What is less a set of findings than a way of asking and answering questions?

Psychology

Who was the 1st woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

Margaret Floy Washburn

What perspective evaluates how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes?

Evolutionary

Who rejected the belief of inborn ideas, helped spread the idea that the mind was a blank slate and therefore "all men are created equal" which later was the rationale for American democracy?

John Locke

In what area can psychology deepen our appreciation?

All answers are correct: Perception, Emotion, Behavior, Thought

What modern French scientist believed that the mind was entirely distinct from the body? (Dualism)

Rene Descartes

What phrase describes how the nature-nurture tension dissolves in modern psychology?

Nurture works on what nature endows

What is the most persistent issue of modern psychology?

Nature versus nurture

What perspective evaluates how behavior and thinking vary across situations and culture?

Social-Cultural

What 2 Greek philosophers believed that the mind was separable from the body and continuing after death?

Socrates, Plato

During what time period was psychology described as "the science of the observable"? (behaviorism)

1920s-1960s

What perspective evaluates how we encode, process, store and retrieve information?

Cognitive

What term describes a school of psychology that focuses on how processes enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish?

Functionalism

What academic discipline describes the meeting ground for different disciplines and is a perfect home for people with wide-ranging interests?

Psychology

What term describes the principle that the inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproduction will likely be passed on to the next generations?

Natural Selection

What term describes a person who provides psychotherapy and can prescribe drugs to treat psychological disorders?

Psychiatrists

The young science of psychology developed from what two fields?

Biology, philosophy

Which Greek philosopher foreshadowed later thinkers who believed nurture shapes us more than nature?

Aristotle

What term describes an unreliable school of psychology that required people to use introspection to explore the structure of the human mind?

Structuralism

Who tried to measure the "atoms of the mind" which is considered the 1st psychological experiment?

Wihelm Wundt

What term describes science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base?

Basic Research

What pragmatic Harvard professor admitted Mary Calkins in 1890 into his class which caused all the other students to drop?

William James

The quote, "knowledge has modified attitudes, and through them, behavior," illustrates that psychology can transform modern what?

Culture

What was the name of Charles Darwin's 1859 book?

Origin of Species

What term prepares us to think smarter and involves curiosity, skepticism, and humility and helps make modern science possible?

Scientific Attitude

Informed by science, what term involves cognition and helps clear the colored lenses of our biases?

Cognitive Thinking

What term describes a cognitive process that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions?

Critical thinking

What term describes the attitude of feeling free to ask any question, doubt any assertion, seek any evidence, and correct any errors?

Scientific Attitude

What term describes a passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled?

Curiosity

What term best describes the phrase "to believe with certainty we must begin by doubting?

Skepticism

What term is also known as the "I knew it all along phenomenon"?

Hindsight bias

Our flawed intuition and after-the-fact common sense makes things seem so obvious that we become very what?

Overconfident

What imperfect human ability can lead us astray and has been incorrect over and over regarding aging, sleep, and dreams?

Intuition

What term describes awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openness to surprises and new perspectives?

Humility

What term describes observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations?

Naturalistic observation

What term describes a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample?

Sampling bias

What is one of the oldest research methods and hopes to reveal universal principles, but can mislead us with atypical people?

Case study

What term describes the technique of gathering self-reported attitudes and behaviors of people?

Survey

What is the starting point of any science?

Description

What term describes the scientific procedures that include making observations, forming theories, and reforming theories in light of new observations?

Scientific method

What term describes the duplication of a research study usually with different participants?

Replicate

Respectively, what term describes a set of principles that organizes and predicts observations and what term describes a testable prediction?

Theory, hypothesis

What term describes a statement of exact procedures used in a research study?

Operational definitions

Respectively, what term describes the whole group one would want to study and what term describes a situation in which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating?

Population, random sample

What is the clearest and cleanest way to isolate cause and effect?

Experiment

Respectively, what term describes an inverse relation of scores on a graphed cluster of dots and what term describes a directly proportional relation of scores on a graphed cluster of dots?

Negative correlation, positive correlation

What term describes the perception of a relationship where none exists and arises from our eagerness to make sense of random data?

Illusory correlation

Whereas random sampling helps us generalize to a larger population, what term minimizes preexisting differences between individuals by putting them in the experimental or control groups by chance?

Random assignment

What helps restrain the illusions of our flawed intuition, attempts to uncover naturally occurring relationships, and indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, but does not prove causation?

Correlation

Respectively, what term describes a procedure where the participant as well as the research assistant collecting data does not know who is receiving treatment and what term describes the effect a participant might have on a study if they have symptom relief because they think they are receiving treatment?

Double-blind, placebo effect

Respectively, what term describes the experimental factor that is being manipulated and what term describes the experimental factor whose outcome is being measured?

Independent variable, dependent variable

Respectively, what term describes a statistical measure of how much two factors vary together and therefore predict each other and what term describes a graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables?

Correlation coefficient, scatterplot

What term describes the group that contrasts with the experimental group and is psychology's most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking and for evaluating cause and effect?

Control group

Respectively, what term describes a score that most frequently occurs and what term represents the middle score also known as the 50th percentile?

Mode, median

What term does not indicate the importance of an obtained result but does describe how likely the obtained result occurred by chance?

Statistical significance

What term describes what researchers use to organize data meaningfully?

Descriptive statistics

What term describes the gap between the lowest and the highest scores?

Range

What term describes a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value?

Skewed distribution

Generalizations based on a few unrepresentative cases can have what result?

Unreliability

What is the computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score?

Standard deviation

What term represents the arithmetic average?

Mean

What term describes a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data?

Normal curve

What is the purpose of using the three measures of "central tendency?"

Summarization

Which types of circumstances deceive people into thinking that they are related when they are actually not?

Random Coincidences

Most people incorrectly presume that what declines in late adulthood despite evidence showing older adults have enhanced emotional control, are more attentive to positive news, have fewer problematic social relationships, and experience less anger, stress, and worry?

Happiness

According to Erikson, what two basic aspects of our lives dominate adulthood?

Intimacy, generativity

What type of therapy offers a similar healing power to that of the passing of time, support of friends, and the act of giving support and help to others who are grieving?

Bereavement therapy

Age linked midlife-crisis skeptics reason that there is no evidence for midlife distress and coined what term that defines that the "right time" to leave home, get a job, marry, and have kids varies from culture to culture and era to era?

Social clock

What term describes an accelerating cognitive decline in the final 3 or 4 years of life?

Terminal decline

Our muscle strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output all begin to decline during what time period?

Mid-20s

What term describes the ending of a woman's menstrual cycle at around age 50 which does not create psychological problems?

Menopause

During what stage of adulthood does the immune system weaken which increases susceptibility to life-threatening illnesses?

Late adulthood

Facing what with dignity and openness helps people complete the life cycle with a sense of life's meaningfulness and unity?

Death

Short of abstinence, what is the surest strategy for preventing pregnancy and greatly decreasing bacterial STIs and HIV?

Condoms