imperialist powers including Britain, France, and Japan who exploited China's economic assets.
2
New cards
foreign concessions/foreign enclaves
areas in china governed by foreign powers also had foreign laws
3
New cards
International Settlement
area in Shanghai that included many non-Chinese and operated as an independent city.
4
New cards
bourgeois classes
middle class property owners
5
New cards
Marxism
"communism", policy that the CCP aligned more with, the people would revolt, class warfare, government would retain absolute power.
6
New cards
proletariat
the working class in industrialized society, would lead the class revolution in Marxism.
7
New cards
guerrilla style campaign
CCP's fighting style - small groups burst fighting
8
New cards
mobile defense
- new CCP strategy - successful - protect territory-don't expand, weaken enemy via ambush - kinda like an anaconda
9
New cards
conscripts
avg citizens in army
10
New cards
recruitment gangs
- Sent to countryside to get troops by Nationalists - used brutal methods
11
New cards
corvee labor
a labor tax of unpaid work by CCP
12
New cards
cooperative farms
individually owned but collectively managed and worked farms
13
New cards
collective farms
no individual ownership, collectively managed farms
14
New cards
Generalissimo
military commander - Chiang
15
New cards
Pu Yi
Last emperor of China
16
New cards
Yuan Shikai
- used military power to get power after collapse of the Qing dynasty - death created power vacuum
17
New cards
Sun Yatsen
established Nationalist Party (1912) inspired "three principles of the people"
18
New cards
Chiang Kai-shek
leader of nat. party -> chairman of nat. gov
19
New cards
General Ba Chongxi
anti-commie general under Chiang, led the White Terror
20
New cards
Otto Braun
German general - told commies to get rid of guerilla - bad idea - got booted out
21
New cards
Mao Zedong
- leader of CCP - created "Maoism"
22
New cards
Liu Wenhui
- nat. war lord - led clash at Luding Bridge
23
New cards
Yan Xishan in Shanxi
- regional warlord - Chiang made alliance w/ him
24
New cards
Zhang Xueliang in Manchuria
- regional warlord - Chiang made alliance w/ him
25
New cards
Dai Li
head of the Investigation and Statistical Bureau
26
New cards
Soongs
- Chiang's relatives - Chiang promoted and relied on them -> corruption
27
New cards
General Joseph Stilwell
- U.S. commander - said Chiang is corrupt and incompetent
28
New cards
General Albert C. Wedemeyer
- US Army chief - said Chiang made mistake @ shanhaiguan pass by diverting troops from important areas
29
New cards
Lin Biao
Chinese commander under Mao; trained at Chiang Kai-shek's Whampoa Academy in the 1920s
30
New cards
Fu Zuoyi
- Nationalist commander - surrendered Beijing
31
New cards
Dean Acheson
- US secretary of state - said U.S aid shoulda been good enough for Nationalists to win, they didn't win cuz Nationalists sucked
32
New cards
George Marshall
- US general - unify nats and commies in non-commie gov to act as a wall for soviets
33
New cards
Madame Chiang
- Wife of Chiang Kai-shek - Incresed US support for the Chinese Civil War- Nationalist
34
New cards
"Three Principles of the People"
Nationalist ideology nationalism, popular sovereignty, and the principle of the people's livelihood - inspired by Sun yatsen
35
New cards
"Manifesto of the First National Congress of the Nationalist Party"
The nationalist document containing the Three Principles of the People
36
New cards
"principle of the people's livelihood"
aimed to improve the welfare of the people - redistribute land - nationalization - state support
37
New cards
Mao Zedong Thought
Mao's interpretation of Marxism - make marxism fit in china - peasant revolution
38
New cards
New Life Movement
- nationalist - encourage morals and obedience to state
39
New cards
Treaty of Tanggu
Chiang acknowledged independence of Manchukuo to Japan
40
New cards
trading space for time
- Chiang's strategy to not engage Japan and wait because they'd spread themselves thin - showed Chiang as weak
41
New cards
Strongpoint Offensive
lack of success in Manchuria prompted Chiang to focus on cities in central and eastern provinces
42
New cards
urban strategic focus
- focus on holding key cities across multiple provinces without securing the countryside - left Nationalist forces overextended and vulnerable to seige
43
New cards
social revolution
overthrow of society's state and class structures and creation of new ones
44
New cards
On New Democracy by Mao
- Maos book - how china will pursue a different path to democracy
45
New cards
general mobilization bill
- issued by Chiang to give nats. unrestricted power of conscripts
46
New cards
Civil Code of 1930
- Divorce is ok - arranged marriage no more - equal inheritance
47
New cards
labor law in 1931
- women should be payed same as men
48
New cards
Marriage Law of May 1950
- divorce is ok - no arranged marriage - husband can't divorce pregnant wife
49
New cards
Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces
severe famine
50
New cards
Hunan Province
- rents frequently 70% of the value of crops produced - Autumn Harvest Uprising took place here
51
New cards
Shanghai
- large urban area - lots of death in slums - International Settlement
52
New cards
Canton
- 2nd CCP counterattack here - nats won
53
New cards
Jiangxi Soviet
post white terror base for soviet leaders
54
New cards
Yanan Province
new base for CCP after long march
55
New cards
Manchuria
Japan occupied, then when they left, conflict started here again btwn CCP and nats
56
New cards
puppet state of Manchukuo
idk, text me if you have it plz
57
New cards
Chongqing
- Nationalists moved capital here during the second Sino-Japanese War - citizens felt gov abandoned them
58
New cards
Shandong
CCP in strong position to take
59
New cards
Shenyang
Japanese arms depot that the Soviets gave the CCP access to
60
New cards
Shanhaiguan Pass
- first confrontation - nat won but this diverted troops
61
New cards
Harbin
CCP's last urban stronghold in Manchuria
62
New cards
Sangari River Camp
CCP inflicted considerable casualties on Nationalists and captured their weaponry
63
New cards
Shijiazhuang in Hebei province
first major city captured by the CCP
64
New cards
Siping
second major city captured by the CCP
65
New cards
separatist regions of Tibet and Xinjiang
outside of CCP and NAT control until after war
66
New cards
Opium Wars
Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mid 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.
67
New cards
Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.
68
New cards
Hundred Days of Reform
A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.
69
New cards
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils" - ended by brit troops
70
New cards
First Sino-Japanese War
conflict between China and Japan in 1894-1895 over control of Korea
71
New cards
Revolution of 1911-1912
inspired by Nationalist Party ideals, caused the Qing Dynasty to collapse
72
New cards
May Fourth Movement
A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence
73
New cards
The Northern Expedition
CCP and nationalist joint campaign to defeat warlords
74
New cards
White Terror
- attacks on CCP by green gang - sanctioned by Chiang
75
New cards
Autumn Harvest Uprising
- First CCP uprising - Guerilla style - Nats won
76
New cards
encirclement campaigns
- nationalist gov aim to destroy commies - defensive victory for commies first 4 times
77
New cards
Fifth Encirclement Campaign
only successful encirclement campaign by Nationalists
- CCP retreat to Yunan while being followed by nats - 20k of 90k survived
80
New cards
Clashes at Luding Bridge over the Dadu River
- CCP fought Lin Wenhuis troops here
81
New cards
Zunyi Conference
- January 1935 during the Long March - declared that Mao was leader of the party.
82
New cards
9 December Movement
students demonstrated against Japanese invasions and Chiang's response
83
New cards
Xi'an Incident
the warlord Zhang Xueliang was supposed to attack a CCP base but instead turned on Chiang and kidnapped him. Chiang was released after agreeing to the Second United Front
84
New cards
guerrilla campaigns
initiated against Japan by CCP
85
New cards
Rectification of Conduct Campaigns
Mao punished those in CCP that criticized him
86
New cards
Marco Polo Bridge
- Chinese and Japanese clashed here - started second Sino-Japanese War
87
New cards
Rape of Nanjing
Japanese captured this city and raped, tortured, and killed thousands of civilians
88
New cards
capital moved to Chongqing
- Nationalists moved to a new capital during second Sino-Japanese War - meant to be strategic, seen as weak
89
New cards
Hundred Regiments Campaign
- CCP attack on Jap - destroy rail
90
New cards
Ichigo Offensive
Jap offense to sweep south
91
New cards
Manchuria campaign
CCP captured many cities in Manchuria
92
New cards
CCP's Haui-hai Campaign
campaign focus on cities - starved them out through winter and cut resources
93
New cards
Pingjin Campaign
- CCP decimates Nationalists - Chiang attempted peace talks, Mao says no
94
New cards
surrender of Beijing
Fu Zuoyi surrendered it
95
New cards
Dixie Mission
- US visit to Yan'an in July 1944 - effort to gather info and make relations w CCP
96
New cards
Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan
- Chiang fled here after losing the war - Still claimed to be the official government
97
New cards
Three-Antis Campaign of 1951
first campaign to eradicate CCP enemies
98
New cards
Five-Antis Campaign of January 1952
second campaign to eradicate CCP enemies
99
New cards
Reunification Campaigns
meant to assimilate Tibet into peoples republic - suppressed Taiwan's history and religion
100
New cards
First Taiwan Strait Crisis
ROC established troops on islands in the Taiwanese Strait by mainland china, PRC shelled it