Studied by 2 people
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Disorder characterized by excessive thirsts (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) use to inadequate production on antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
Diuresis commonly occurs in…
Diabetes mellitus
Alcohol and coffee are common…
Diuretics that increase formation and secretion of urine
Gestational diabetes
Diabetes that develop using pregnancy (gestation)
In gestational diabetes, blood glucose level usually…
Return to normal soon after delivery
Gestational diabetes places a women at…
Risk for type 2 diabetes
Growth hormone (GH) disorders
Pituitary gland disorder that generally involves a hypersecretion or hypo secretion of GH and commonly result from a pituitary tumor.
Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH in adults, resulting in enlargement of bones in the extremities and head
Treatment fro acromegaly include…
Radiation, pharmacological agents, or surgery to remove a portion of the pituitary gland
Dwarfism
Hyposecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in extreme shortness in statue (final height of only 3’-4’) but normal body proportions
Treatment for dwarfism include…
Administration of GH during childhood, before skeletal growth is complete
Diantism
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in abnormal increase in the length of long bones an extreme high ( up to 8’ tall) but with body probably options remaining about normal
Removal of the pituitary tumor using radiation, surgery, or medications may…
Lower GH hormone levels and control abnormal growth
Hirsutim
Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
Commons causes of hisutism include…
Abnormality of androgen production, medications and tumors
Hypercalcemia
Condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal
The main cause of hypercalcemia is…
Overactivity in one or mor parathyroid glands
Other causes of hypercalcemia
Cancer, medications, and excessive use of calcium and iatmin D supplements
Hyperkalemia
Condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
Potassium is a critical electrolyte in the proper function of…
Nerve and muscle cells
Severe hyperkalemia requires immediate treatment because…
It can lead to radioactive arrest and death
Hypervolemia
Abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body
Hypervolemia commonly results from..
Retention of large amounts of sodium and water by the kidney
Hyponatremia
Lower than normal level of sodium in the blood
Hyperatremia is commonly caused by
Drinking too much water when exerciseing (especially in the heat), thereby dilution the amount off sodium in the blood
Insulinoma
Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, causing the excessive production of insulin and leading to hypoglycemia; also called pancreatic tumor
Neurofibromatosis (NF)
Genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Most tumors are benign but some may become cancerous.
Obesity
Abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more of an individual’s ideal body weight
Obesity is associated with increased risk of
Illness, disability, and death
The branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of obesity is known as
Bariatrics
Bariatrics has become..
A separate medical and surgical specialty
Panhypopituitarism
Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
Panhypopituitarism can lead to symptoms associated primarily with…
Insufficiency of gonadotropins, growth hormones, and thyroid hormones.
Thyroid storm
Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic cristis
Thyroid storm is a medical emergency and if left untreated…
May be fatal
Virilism
Masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
Toxicologist
Specialist in the study of poisons
Toxicosis
Abnormal condition of poisons in the body
Endocrinologist
Specialist in the study endocrine disorders
Homeostasis
The body’ ability to maintain a balanced internal state
Graves Disease also pronounced…
Hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism)
Can be cause from autoimmune problems or lumps/nodules on the gland
Symptoms of Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism)
“Bulging” eyes; thyromegaly
Exophthalmos
Bulging eyes
Thyromegaly also called…
Goiter
Exophthalmometry
Measuring degree of -ptosis of the eye
Hypothyroidism
Deficiency of thyroid hormones
Cretinism
In infancy can result in intellectual disability and stunted growth if not treated
Myxedema
In adulthood can result in many symptoms, including weigh gain, fatigue, depression, cold intolerance
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism in infancy
Myxedema
Hypothyroidism in adulthood
RAIU
Radioactive iodine uptake
RAIU
Administration of radioactive/nuclear iodine (tracer) and then scanning to identify how well the thyroid can absorb (uptake) iodine from the blood
Thyroid Function Test
Detects and measures TSH, T3 & T4 hormone levels (increase or decrease)
Iodine Therapy
Administering radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid secretory cells
Diabetes Mellitus
The disease of the pancreas that uses DM as an abbreviation; caused by hyposecrtion of insulin
Insulin injection therapy
Type 1 - usually occurs and diagnosed in children; using a handheld monitor such a as a glucometer
Insulin pump therapy
Type 2 - adult onset; pump insulin over a 24 hour period
Parathyroid Disorders
Have to do with blood calcium levels
Hypoparathyroidism
Decreased blood calcium levels in the blood (hypocalcemia); can cause tetany (muscle twitches and spasm)
Hyperparathyroidism
Too much PTH hormone, not enough calcium deposited in bone; can cause demineralization (osteoporosis)
Total Calcium Test
Monitors calcium levels, can detect parathyroid disorders
Addison Disease (adrenal gland disorders)
Deficiency of cortical hormones, makes low sodium and high potassium levels in the blood; Clinical manifestation - muscle weakness
Cushing Syndrome
Hypersecretion of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gynecomastia
Excessive development of mammary tissue in males due to hormone imbalance
Hyperglycemia
Higher than normal levels of glucose in the blood
Pancreatolith
Stone or calculus in the pancreas
Pncratolithiasis
Abnormal condition of Pancreatic Stones
Pancreatolithotomy
Procedure to incise or incise and remove pancreatic stones
Pancreaolith are made of…
Hard deposits of minerals and salts
FBS
Fasting blood sugar; fast for 8 hours before test
GTT
Glucose tolerance test; screening that administers glucose to determine how quickly the body removes carbohydrates from the blood
ITT
Insulin tolerance test; screening that administers insulin to measure cortisol and GH reserves
Exophthalmometry
Measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves Disease
A1c test
Blood test used to diagnose and manage type 1 and 2 diabetes; also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Helps diagnose diabetes and monitors glucose levels in diabetic patients
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Is performed to diagnose pre diabetes and gestational diabetes
Insulin tolerance test (ITT)
Symptoms of low blood glucose will cause the release of growth hormone and cortisol. This test measures GH and cortisol at specified intervals.
Thyroid function test (TFT)
Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function
Parathyroidectomy
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
Thyroidectomy
Excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy), or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)
Thyroidectomy is performed for…
Goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to iodine therapy and anti thyroid drugs
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Endoscopic surgery to remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy treats…
Cushing syndrome
Insulin injection therapy
Using a fine needle and syringe to inject insulin for controlling type 1 diabetes
insulin pump therapy
Treatment for type 1 diabetes that uses a device that continuously delivers insulin through a catheter placed under the skin
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