Diseases and Conditions

Endocrine

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Disorder characterized by excessive thirsts (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) use to inadequate production on antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Diuresis

Increased formation and secretion of urine

Diuresis commonly occurs in…

Diabetes mellitus

Alcohol and coffee are common…

Diuretics that increase formation and secretion of urine

Gestational diabetes

Diabetes that develop using pregnancy (gestation)

In gestational diabetes, blood glucose level usually…

Return to normal soon after delivery

Gestational diabetes places a women at…

Risk for type 2 diabetes

Growth hormone (GH) disorders

Pituitary gland disorder that generally involves a hypersecretion or hypo secretion of GH and commonly result from a pituitary tumor.

Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of GH in adults, resulting in enlargement of bones in the extremities and head

Treatment fro acromegaly include…

Radiation, pharmacological agents, or surgery to remove a portion of the pituitary gland

Dwarfism

Hyposecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in extreme shortness in statue (final height of only 3’-4’) but normal body proportions

Treatment for dwarfism include…

Administration of GH during childhood, before skeletal growth is complete

Diantism

Hypersecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in abnormal increase in the length of long bones an extreme high ( up to 8’ tall) but with body probably options remaining about normal

Removal of the pituitary tumor using radiation, surgery, or medications may…

Lower GH hormone levels and control abnormal growth

Hirsutim

Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

Commons causes of hisutism include…

Abnormality of androgen production, medications and tumors

Hypercalcemia

Condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal

The main cause of hypercalcemia is…

Overactivity in one or mor parathyroid glands

Other causes of hypercalcemia

Cancer, medications, and excessive use of calcium and iatmin D supplements

Hyperkalemia

Condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal

Potassium is a critical electrolyte in the proper function of…

Nerve and muscle cells

Severe hyperkalemia requires immediate treatment because…

It can lead to radioactive arrest and death

Hypervolemia

Abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body

Hypervolemia commonly results from..

Retention of large amounts of sodium and water by the kidney

Hyponatremia

Lower than normal level of sodium in the blood

Hyperatremia is commonly caused by

Drinking too much water when exerciseing (especially in the heat), thereby dilution the amount off sodium in the blood

Insulinoma

Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, causing the excessive production of insulin and leading to hypoglycemia; also called pancreatic tumor

Neurofibromatosis (NF)

Genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Most tumors are benign but some may become cancerous.

Obesity

Abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more of an individual’s ideal body weight

Obesity is associated with increased risk of

Illness, disability, and death

The branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of obesity is known as

Bariatrics

Bariatrics has become..

A separate medical and surgical specialty

Panhypopituitarism

Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

Panhypopituitarism can lead to symptoms associated primarily with…

Insufficiency of gonadotropins, growth hormones, and thyroid hormones.

Thyroid storm

Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic cristis

Thyroid storm is a medical emergency and if left untreated…

May be fatal

Virilism

Masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman

Toxicologist

Specialist in the study of poisons

Toxicosis

Abnormal condition of poisons in the body

Endocrinologist

Specialist in the study endocrine disorders

Homeostasis

The body’ ability to maintain a balanced internal state

Graves Disease also pronounced…

Hyperthyroidism

Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism)

Can be cause from autoimmune problems or lumps/nodules on the gland

Symptoms of Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism)

“Bulging” eyes; thyromegaly

Exophthalmos

Bulging eyes

Thyromegaly also called…

Goiter

Exophthalmometry

Measuring degree of -ptosis of the eye

Hypothyroidism

Deficiency of thyroid hormones

Cretinism

In infancy can result in intellectual disability and stunted growth if not treated

Myxedema

In adulthood can result in many symptoms, including weigh gain, fatigue, depression, cold intolerance

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism in infancy

Myxedema

Hypothyroidism in adulthood

RAIU

Radioactive iodine uptake

RAIU

Administration of radioactive/nuclear iodine (tracer) and then scanning to identify how well the thyroid can absorb (uptake) iodine from the blood

Thyroid Function Test

Detects and measures TSH, T3 & T4 hormone levels (increase or decrease)

Iodine Therapy

Administering radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid secretory cells

Diabetes Mellitus

The disease of the pancreas that uses DM as an abbreviation; caused by hyposecrtion of insulin

Insulin injection therapy

Type 1 - usually occurs and diagnosed in children; using a handheld monitor such a as a glucometer

Insulin pump therapy

Type 2 - adult onset; pump insulin over a 24 hour period

Parathyroid Disorders

Have to do with blood calcium levels

Hypoparathyroidism

Decreased blood calcium levels in the blood (hypocalcemia); can cause tetany (muscle twitches and spasm)

Hyperparathyroidism

Too much PTH hormone, not enough calcium deposited in bone; can cause demineralization (osteoporosis)

Total Calcium Test

Monitors calcium levels, can detect parathyroid disorders

Addison Disease (adrenal gland disorders)

Deficiency of cortical hormones, makes low sodium and high potassium levels in the blood; Clinical manifestation - muscle weakness

Cushing Syndrome

Hypersecretion of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Gynecomastia

Excessive development of mammary tissue in males due to hormone imbalance

Hyperglycemia

Higher than normal levels of glucose in the blood

Pancreatolith

Stone or calculus in the pancreas

Pncratolithiasis

Abnormal condition of Pancreatic Stones

Pancreatolithotomy

Procedure to incise or incise and remove pancreatic stones

Pancreaolith are made of…

Hard deposits of minerals and salts

FBS

Fasting blood sugar; fast for 8 hours before test

GTT

Glucose tolerance test; screening that administers glucose to determine how quickly the body removes carbohydrates from the blood

ITT

Insulin tolerance test; screening that administers insulin to measure cortisol and GH reserves

Exophthalmometry

Measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves Disease

A1c test

Blood test used to diagnose and manage type 1 and 2 diabetes; also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

Helps diagnose diabetes and monitors glucose levels in diabetic patients

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Is performed to diagnose pre diabetes and gestational diabetes

Insulin tolerance test (ITT)

Symptoms of low blood glucose will cause the release of growth hormone and cortisol. This test measures GH and cortisol at specified intervals.

Thyroid function test (TFT)

Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

Parathyroidectomy

Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

Thyroidectomy

Excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy), or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)

Thyroidectomy is performed for…

Goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to iodine therapy and anti thyroid drugs

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

Endoscopic surgery to remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy treats…

Cushing syndrome

Insulin injection therapy

Using a fine needle and syringe to inject insulin for controlling type 1 diabetes

insulin pump therapy

Treatment for type 1 diabetes that uses a device that continuously delivers insulin through a catheter placed under the skin