psy235 exam #3 vocab

Cultural Display Rules

Norms learned early in life to manage our emotional expression according to situations.

Interpersonal

Relationship between two or more individuals.

Intrapersonal

What occurs within an individual.

Social and Cultural

Effect that emotions have on functioning/maintenance of societies and cultures.

Social Referencing

Process of individuals looking for information from others then using that to shape their behavior.

Affect

Feelings that can be described in terms of arousal and valence.

Actual Affect

State people actually feel.

Ideal Affect

State people want to feel.

Independent Self

Self is distinct and must be expressed to influence others.

Interdependent Self

Self is connected to others and must suppress self to adjust to others.

Social Constructivism

Knowledge is first created and learned within a society then adopted by individuals.

Universalism

There are certain standards in basic domains that all humans experience.

Central Route

Direct, relevant, logical messages.

Fixed Action Patterns

Behavior sequences that occur in the same way and order always.

Foot in the Door

Small, initial commitment to bigger commitment.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts allowing people to make decisions quickly.

Peripheral Route

Superficial cues with little logic.

Psychological Reactance

Reaction to things perceived to limit freedoms.

Social Proof

If everyone is doing it, it must be right.

Reciprocity

Pressure to repay what another person has given us.

Scarcity

Things are more attractive when availability is limited.

Triad of Trust

Vulnerability to persuasion is highest when source is perceived as an authority, as honest, and likable.

Trigger Features

Specific aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns.

Conformity

Changing behavior to match a social norm.

Descriptive Norm

Perception of what others do in a situation.

Informational Influence

Conformity resulting from concern to act in a normal manner determined by others' actions.

Normative Influence

Conformity resulting from concern of what others think of us.

Obedience

Responding to an order from an authority figure.

Collective Self-Esteem

Feelings of self-worth based on relationships with others/social groups.

Common Knowledge Effect

Tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information and less time on unshared information.

Downward Social Comparison

Comparing self to less fortunate.

Group Cohesion

Solidarity or unity of a group resulting from strong interpersonal bonds among members.

Group Polarization

Tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, with direction determined by the majority.

Groupthink

Negative group-level processes, like pressures to conform or self-censorship, when highly cohesive groups seek a middle ground.

Ostracism

Excluding one or more people from a group by reducing contact.

Shared Mental Model

Knowledge, expectations, and other representations that members of a group have in common.

Social Comparison

Contrasting one’s personal qualities with others.

Social Facilitation

Improvement in performance when in the presence of others.

Social Identity Theory

Theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence members' self-concepts.

Social Loafing

Reduction of individual effort when they work in groups.

Sociometer Model

Conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem is a monitor of inclusion/exclusion in groups.

Teamwork

Members of a team combine their knowledge to produce an outcome.