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Emulsifier
substance that can disperse and stabilize waer-insoluble as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution
Bile Acid
cholesterol derivative that functions as an emulsifying agent that makes dietary lipids soluble in an aqueous environment of the digestive tract
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Two sides of bile acid
1/3
Approx. how cholesterol produced by the liver is converted to bile acids
Carboxylic acid
C-17 side chain is oxidized to _____
Simple bile acids
not the actual emulsifying agents in lipid digestion
Amino acid
oxidized side chain of free bile acids is bonded to an _____
Amide linkage
linkage in simple bile acids
Glycine, taurine
amino acid in simple bile acids that is/are used
Complex bile acids
have enhanced emulsifying ability due to stronger hydrophilicity
Bile
mixture containing emulsifying agents secreted by the liver
Gallbladder
Where is bile stored?
Small intestine
Where is bile release during digestion?
Bile acids, bile pigments
Makes up mixture in bile
Bile pigments
breakdown products of hemoglobin
Yellow
Color of bile pigments
Colorless
Color of bile acids
Enterohepatic
Involves intestine and liver
0.5g
How many bile acids are excreted per day?
Simple bile acids (cholic acid, etc.)
What cholesterol derivative(s) function as lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract?
Hormones
biochemical substances that has a messenger function; serves as a means of communication between various tissues
Ductless gland
Hormones are produced by what?
Steroid hormones, eicosanoid
Two types of messenger lipids
Steroid hormones
derivative of cholesterol
Eicosanoid
derivative of fatty acids (arachidonic acid); hormone-like molecules that exert effects in the tissues where they are synthesized; have very short life
Sex hormones
control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
Estrogens
female sex hormones; dev’t of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty; stimulate the dev’t of mammary glands during pregnancy
Ovaries, adrenal cortex
Where is estrogen synthesized?
Esterus
term for heat in animals
Androgens
male sex hormones; dev’t of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty; promotes muscle growth
testes, adrenal cortex
Where is androgen synthesized?
Progestins
pregnancy hormones; prepare the lining of uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum
ovaries, placenta
Where is progestins synthesized?
Estradiol
primary estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics
Testosterone
primary androgen; responsible for secondary male characteristics
Progesterone
primary progestin; prepares the uterus for pregnancy
True
testosterone and estradiol are not exclusive to either males or females
Oral contraceptives
generally a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation, thus creating a false state of pregnancy
Norethynodrel
a synthetic progestin
Anabolic steroids
illegal steroids; used by athletes to build up muscle and be buffed
Methandrostenolone
a synthetic tissue-building steroid
Adrenocorticoid hormones
produced by the adrenal glands
28
How many hormones have been isolated from the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids
control the balance of Na and K ions in cells
Glucocorticoids
control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation
Cortisone, prednisolone
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
20, 4
No. of carbons and double bonds of eicosanoids
Progstaglandin
C20 fatty acid derivative containing cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups; involved in raising body temp, relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, pain responses, etc.
Anti-pyretic
term for fever-reducing
Mild analgesic
term for pain relieving properties
Thromboxane
C20 fatty acid derivative containing cyclic ETHER and oxygen-containing function groups; produced by blood platelets to promote formation of blood clots
Leukotriene
C20 fatty acid derivative containing 3 conjugated double bonds and hydroxy groups; promote inflammatory and hypersensitivity (allergy) responses
Biological waxes
monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol
14-36
How many carbon atoms does fatty acids in biological waxes have?
14-36
How many carbon atoms does alcohols in biological waxes have?
Saturated
Are fatty acids in biological waxes saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated, unsaturated
Are alcohols in biological waxes saturated or unsaturated?
Water-insoluble, water-repellent
properties resulting from the complete dominance of the nonpolar nature of the long hydrocarbon chains
Saponifiable lipids
lipids that can undergo saponification to yield two or more small molecules
Hydrolyzable lipids
other term for saponifiable lipids
3 ester bonds
linkage makeup of triacylglycerols
4 ester bonds
linkage makeup of glycerophospholipids
1 amide, 2 ester bonds
linkage makeup of sphingophospholipids
1 amide, 1 ester, 1 glycosidic bond
linkage makeup of sphingoglycolipids
1 ester bond
linkage makeup of biological waxes
Arachidonic acid
The metabolic precursor of most eicosanoids is
hormones
Some _____, but not all of them, are cholesterol derivatives.
steroid hormones
All _____ are cholesterol derivatives.
Note 
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