Prelims - Lipids (Part 2)

Emulsifier

substance that can disperse and stabilize waer-insoluble as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution

Bile Acid

cholesterol derivative that functions as an emulsifying agent that makes dietary lipids soluble in an aqueous environment of the digestive tract

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Two sides of bile acid

1/3

Approx. how cholesterol produced by the liver is converted to bile acids

Carboxylic acid

C-17 side chain is oxidized to \_____

Simple bile acids

not the actual emulsifying agents in lipid digestion

Amino acid

oxidized side chain of free bile acids is bonded to an \_____

Amide linkage

linkage in simple bile acids

Glycine, taurine

amino acid in simple bile acids that is/are used

Complex bile acids

have enhanced emulsifying ability due to stronger hydrophilicity

Bile

mixture containing emulsifying agents secreted by the liver

Gallbladder

Where is bile stored?

Small intestine

Where is bile release during digestion?

Bile acids, bile pigments

Makes up mixture in bile

Bile pigments

breakdown products of hemoglobin

Yellow

Color of bile pigments

Colorless

Color of bile acids

Enterohepatic

Involves intestine and liver

0.5g

How many bile acids are excreted per day?

Simple bile acids (cholic acid, etc.)

What cholesterol derivative(s) function as lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract?

Hormones

biochemical substances that has a messenger function; serves as a means of communication between various tissues

Ductless gland

Hormones are produced by what?

Steroid hormones, eicosanoid

Two types of messenger lipids

Steroid hormones

derivative of cholesterol

Eicosanoid

derivative of fatty acids (arachidonic acid); hormone-like molecules that exert effects in the tissues where they are synthesized; have very short life

Sex hormones

control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics

Estrogens

female sex hormones; dev’t of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty; stimulate the dev’t of mammary glands during pregnancy

Ovaries, adrenal cortex

Where is estrogen synthesized?

Esterus

term for heat in animals

Androgens

male sex hormones; dev’t of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty; promotes muscle growth

testes, adrenal cortex

Where is androgen synthesized?

Progestins

pregnancy hormones; prepare the lining of uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum

ovaries, placenta

Where is progestins synthesized?

Estradiol

primary estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics

Testosterone

primary androgen; responsible for secondary male characteristics

Progesterone

primary progestin; prepares the uterus for pregnancy

True

testosterone and estradiol are not exclusive to either males or females

Oral contraceptives

generally a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation, thus creating a false state of pregnancy

Norethynodrel

a synthetic progestin

Anabolic steroids

illegal steroids; used by athletes to build up muscle and be buffed

Methandrostenolone

a synthetic tissue-building steroid

Adrenocorticoid hormones

produced by the adrenal glands

28

How many hormones have been isolated from the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids

control the balance of Na and K ions in cells

Glucocorticoids

control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation

Cortisone, prednisolone

steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

20, 4

No. of carbons and double bonds of eicosanoids

Progstaglandin

C20 fatty acid derivative containing cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups; involved in raising body temp, relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, pain responses, etc.

Anti-pyretic

term for fever-reducing

Mild analgesic

term for pain relieving properties

Thromboxane

C20 fatty acid derivative containing cyclic ETHER and oxygen-containing function groups; produced by blood platelets to promote formation of blood clots

Leukotriene

C20 fatty acid derivative containing 3 conjugated double bonds and hydroxy groups; promote inflammatory and hypersensitivity (allergy) responses

Biological waxes

monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol

14-36

How many carbon atoms does fatty acids in biological waxes have?

14-36

How many carbon atoms does alcohols in biological waxes have?

Saturated

Are fatty acids in biological waxes saturated or unsaturated?

Saturated, unsaturated

Are alcohols in biological waxes saturated or unsaturated?

Water-insoluble, water-repellent

properties resulting from the complete dominance of the nonpolar nature of the long hydrocarbon chains

Saponifiable lipids

lipids that can undergo saponification to yield two or more small molecules

Hydrolyzable lipids

other term for saponifiable lipids

3 ester bonds

linkage makeup of triacylglycerols

4 ester bonds

linkage makeup of glycerophospholipids

1 amide, 2 ester bonds

linkage makeup of sphingophospholipids

1 amide, 1 ester, 1 glycosidic bond

linkage makeup of sphingoglycolipids

1 ester bond

linkage makeup of biological waxes

Arachidonic acid

The metabolic precursor of most eicosanoids is

hormones

Some \_____, but not all of them, are cholesterol derivatives.

steroid hormones

All _____ are cholesterol derivatives.