bio 112 final exam unit 3 animals

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.

What type of epithelium is suited for absorption and secretion?

Simple epithelium.

What are the characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?

Flattened cells that allow for easy diffusion.

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium typically be found?

In kidney tubules.

What is the purpose of stratified epithelium?

Provides protection from abrasion, chemicals, and microorganisms.

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

What is the primary role of connective tissue?

Supports, binds, and anchors body structures.

What is loose connective tissue characterized by?

A loose arrangement of fibers.

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Fat storage, energy reserve, and insulation.

What connects muscle to bone?

Tendons.

What type of tissue provides structural support and protection for organs?

Bone.

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage.

What is the function of blood as a connective tissue?

Transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products.

What do red blood cells carry?

Oxygen using hemoglobin.

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

Movement, posture, and breathing.

What characterizes cardiac muscle?

Striated with branching fibers and intercalated discs.

Where is smooth muscle found?

In the walls of hollow organs like the stomach and intestines.

What is the main cell type in the nervous system?

Neuron.

What part of a neuron receives signals?

Dendrites.

What is the role of the axon?

Transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.

What does the synaptic terminal do?

Releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells.

What type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath?

Schwann cells.

What does the action potential describe?

The electrical charge changes that occur during the transmission of a signal.

What is negative feedback in homeostasis?

A mechanism by which the body reduces or counteracts changes to maintain stability.

What process helps regulate body temperature when it rises?

Sweating.

What are endotherms?

Organisms that generate their own heat internally.

What is the relationship between body size and surface area to volume ratio?

As size increases, surface area increases at a slower rate than volume.

How does body size affect basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Larger animals typically have a lower BMR per unit of body mass.

What is ectothermy?

Dependence on external sources of heat to regulate body temperature.

What is heterothermy?

The ability to switch between endothermy and ectothermy.

What is the process of digestion?

Breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption.

What part of the digestive system is responsible for the first stage of digestion?

Mouth.

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption take place?

Small intestine.

What organ produces bile?

Liver.

What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

What regulates blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon.

What are macronutrients?

Nutrients required in large amounts: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

What vitamins are important for immune function and collagen formation?

Vitamin A and Vitamin C.

What is the primary organ responsible for excretion?

Kidney.

What is the nephron?

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood.

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulate?

Blood pressure and filtration rate.

What are gills responsible for in fish?

Gas exchange.

What is the main function of human lungs?

Gas exchange between the blood and air.

What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm.

What chambers of the heart receive blood from the body?

Atria.

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker.

What does an ECG graph record?

The electrical activity of the heart.

What are arteries primarily responsible for?

Carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart.

What are capillaries?

Smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.

What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus callosum.

What lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for visual processing?

Occipital lobe.

What does the male reproductive system produce?

Sperm and testosterone.

What is the primary function of ovaries in the female reproductive system?

Produce eggs and hormones.

What triggers ovulation in the menstrual cycle?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

What are the four primary germ layers formed during gastrulation?

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.

What is an antigen?

Any molecule that can trigger an immune response.

What type of immunity responds quickly to a broad range of pathogens?

Innate immunity.

What triggers the inflammatory response?

Infection or injury.

What do macrophages do in the immune system?

Engulf and digest pathogens.

What system is responsible for transport of immune cells?

Lymphatic system.

What type of cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

B plasma cells.

What is the primary immune response?

The first encounter of the immune system with a pathogen.

What do vaccines help develop in the immune system?

Memory B cells and T cells.

What type of nervous system response prepares the body for stress?

Sympathetic nervous system.

In a reflex arc, what is the role of the sensory neuron?

Detects the stimulus.

What is the function of interneurons in a reflex arc?

Processes information in the spinal cord.

What are the layers of the brainstem?

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain.