CLD Speech: Pragmatic Development

What are pragmatics about?

Implicature, inference, politeness and conversational management and turn taking

What is implicature?

What we mean rather than what we say

What is inference?

Interpreting what others mean

What is politeness?

Using the right words and phrases to be polite

What is conversational management and turn taking?

Knowing when to speak

What is meant by context in pragmatics?

Refers to any factor that affects the interpretation of signs and expressions

Who researched communicative competence?

Hymes (1966), Canale and Swain (1980)

What is communicative competence?

IDK

How many types of communicative competence are there?

5

What is the first type of communicative competence?

Grammatical competence - phonology and grammar

What is the second type of communicative competence?

Sociolinguistic competence - appropriateness (when and how to speak)

What is the third type of communicative competence?

Discourse competence - cohesion and coherence (how to make your speech hold together)

What is the fourth type of communicative competence?

Sociocultural competence - the ability to use language in accordance with the rules of the society

What is the fifth type of communicative competence?

Strategic competence - the ability to solve problems in communication due to a lack of any other competences

Why are children motivated to acquire language?

It serves certain purposes/functions for them

Who proposed the functions of speech?

Michael Halliday

How many functions of speech are there? (Halliday)

7

What are Halliday’s 7 functions of speech?

Instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, representational

What is meant by the instrumental function of speech?

When language is used to fulfil a need

What is meant by the regulatory function of speech?

When language is used to influence the behaviour of others - persuading/commanding/requesting

What is meant by the interactional function of speech?

When language is used to develop social relationships and make interactions easier

What is meant by the heuristic function of speech?

When language is used to learn and explore the environment - questioning, answering, running commentary

What is meant by the personal function of speech?

When language is used to express the personal preferences and identity of the speaker

What is meant by the imaginative function of speech?

When language is used to explore the imagination - accompanies the creation of worlds in play or storytelling

What is meant by the representational function of speech?

When language is used to exchange information

Who proposed alternative language functions? (Not Halliday)

John Dore

How does Dore’s language functions differ to Halliday’s?

Dore focuses on speech acts as individual utterances, Halliday focuses on a broader approach to pragmatic functions

How language functions are in Dore’s model?

8

What are Dore’s 8 language functions?

Labelling, repeating, answering, requesting action, calling, greeting, protesting, practising

What is meant by the language function of labelling?

Naming a person, thing or object

What is meant by the language function of repeating?

Repeating an adult word or utterance

What is meant by the language function of answering?

Responding to an utterance of another speaker

What is meant by the language function of requesting action?

Asking for something to be done for them

What is meant by the language function of calling?

Getting attention by shouting

What is meant by the language function of greeting?

Greeting someone or something

What is meant by the language function of protesting?

Objecting to requests from others

What is meant by the language function of practising?

Using language when no adult is present

How do adults assist with conversation development in early years?

Accompanying routine events with regularly repeated utterances, playing games, general interactions

Who suggested that games such as Peekaboo parallel later conversation?

Dennis Bancroft (1996)

How does Bancroft suggest Peekaboo model for later conversation?

Turn taking, response, common purpose, understanding sequence, pleasure

What sort of general interactions prepare a child for future conversations?

Asking questions, expressing agreement, giving approval/disapproval

What are features of a child’s first utterance?

Declaratives, not always directed at someone, child will often seem to ignore the other speaker

At age 2-4 how will a child’s conversational skills have developed?

They develop in turn taking, adjacency pairs, clarification, response to questions, greetings, politeness forms

What are adjacency pairs?

Pairs of utterances from two speakers (greeting-greeting, question-answer, invitation-acceptance)

After starting school how will a child’s conversational skills have developed?

They will have developed increased sensitivity to the needs of their listener and greater understanding of language appropriate to formal situations