Biology Exam 2 Ch 8-11

Activation Energy (Ea)

the ammount of energy needed to reach the transition state

Transition State

The unstable state at which the reaction transitions from activation energy to the release in the reaction

Catylists

lower activation energy and raise the probability that two things within the cell will react

Active Sites

An area where a substrate can bond on an enzyme that allows for reactants to meet

Substrate

The reactants that bind to the active sites

Disassociation Constant (Kd)

Measures the affinity for a substrate to bind to a receptor

Oriented Correctly

In order to bind to the active site the molecules they have to be what? (Citric synthase)

Physical Strain

Breaking chemical bonds by changing the shape of the molecule. bending/breaking (lysosome)

Energy

The Capacity to do work

Metabolism

the NET of all chemical reactions in a system

Potential Energy

Stored or available energy. Ex: Concentration and charge gradients, chemical bonds

Kenetic Energy

the energy of movement

First Law of Thermodynamics

The total amount of energy before a transformation is the same as the amount of energy as after the reaction

Annabolic reaction (annabolism)

Building up of simple reactants to form complex molecules

Catabolic Reaction (catabolism)

Breaking down of molecules from complex to simple products releasing energy

Reaction Coupling

Getting energy for an endergonic reaction from an exergonic reaction

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Although the transformation does not change the total amount of energy not all of it can be used

Entrophy (s)

disordered/unusable energy

Exergonic reaction

a chemical reaction that releases energy.

Endergonic reaction

a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed.

Enthalpy (H)

total amount of energy usable and unusable

Free Energy (G)

Energy available to do work

DELTA (G)

Change in Free energy

(-G) Negative DELTA G

Free energy that is released

(+G) Positive DELTA G

Free energy that is required for the reaction to occur

ATP

Energy currency

Chemical charge

the need of reactants having the proper charge to bind to the Active site (chymotrypsin)

Enzyme Saturation

When there are only so many active sites and the the reaction rate flatlines when all of the reating points are being used

Inhibition

the process of suppressing or restraining enzyme function

Normal Enzyme binding

Competative Inhibition

Uncompetative Inhibition

Noncompetative Inhibition

Allosteric Regulation

Changing the shape of the enzyme

Photosynthesis/Glucose

Where does Chemica Energy come from

Heterotrophs

Things that are herbivores that do not get energy via sunlight

Energy Transformation

Oxidation Reduction

the complete transfer of electrons in a redox reaction.

More Oxidation

Lower free Energy -DELTA G

Electron Carriers

they pass H+ and their associated e-

NAD+

Oxidized version of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH

Reduced version of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Glycolysis + Cellular Respiration

What does the diagram depict

Glycolysis + Fermentation

What does the diagram depict

Glycolysis and Fermentation

What occurs in the Cytoplasm of a eukaryote

Citric Acid Cycle and Pyruvate Oxidation

What occurs inside of the mitochondrial matrix

Respitory Chain

What occurs inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Glycolysis, Fermentation, and Citric Acid Cycle

What occurs in the cytoplasm of a prokaryote

Pyruvate Oxidation and Repitory chain

What occurs on the cell membrane of a prokaryote

Pyruvate

a three-carbon acid that is naturally formed during glycolysis

Glycolysis

the process in which the body breaks down sugar

+2ATP, +2NADH, +2Pyruvate

The net amount of product produced in Glycolysis

+2NADH, +2CO2, +2Acetyl Acid

Pyruvate Oxidation NET production

+2ATP(GTP), +6NADH, +2FADH2, +4CO2

Citric Acid Cycle(Aerobic Respiration) NET production

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport)

Cellular proscess that harnesses the reduction oxygen to generarte high energy phosphate bonds in the form of atp

Respitory Chain

The first four enzyme complexes comprise the mitochondrial __________ , which facilitates electron transfer from reducing equivalents to molecular oxygen coupled to the generation of a proton gradient across the inner membrane that will be used by the ATP synthase to drive ATP synthesis

Photosynthesis

What is depicted

Calvin Cycle

Part of photosynthesis that produces the sugar. does not need light

32 ATP

How much ATP does Glycolysis and Cellular respiration produce together

Fermentation

If the by-product is CO2

Autotrophs

Self-feeders ,they produce their own energy

heterotrophs

Other-feeders, prey on other living organisms

Photon

A particle of light is equivilent to

high energy

Short wave lengths equal what

low energy

long wavelengths equal

two

how many types of photosystems are there

Photosystem II

Absorbs Photons of light, Photopigment absorbs light, consumes H2O

Photosystem I

Absorbs photons of light, passes e- ions, NAD+ → NADH via reductase enzyme

Calvin Cycle

Starts with Rubisco(RUBP), and ends with Rubisco(RUBP)

Carbon Fixation

Fix the C from CO2 into sugar step one of Calvin Cycle

reduction & sugar production

• consume atp

• consume NADPH → NAD+

• Make sugar’

• step 2 in calvin

Regenerate Rubisco

final step in calvin cycle

Chemiosmosis

The way ATP is generated from a concentration gradient

Proton-Motive Force

• the way chemicals move protons to produce ATP

• H → Proton

cancer

Unregulated cell growth and division

Chromosomes

Tightly coiled DNA within the nucleus during cell division

chromatid

one half of a duplicated chromosome. It contains identical DNA sequences and is joined together by a centromere

Centromere

the connecting point of a chromosome

Sister Chromatids

two identical copies of a single chromosome that are joined together at the centromere.

Prokaryote

Single Circular Chromosome

Eukaryotic

Many, Linear Chromosomes

Binary Fission

Prokaryotic Cell division

Mitosis

Eukaryotic Cell division

ORI (origin of replication)

begining point for DNA replication

TER (terminus)

ending point for DNA replication

G1

Preparing to replicate DNA

S

DNA replication/synthesis

G2

preparation for mitosis

M (mitosis)

Cell replication for body/somatic cells

M (meiosis)

Cell replication for reproductive cells

DNA Damage

G1 phase checkpoint checks for ____________ .

Incomplete replication / DNA Damage

S phase checkpoint checks for

DNA damage in both sets of DNA

G2 phase checkpoint checks for

Chromosome that is not attached to the spindle

M phase checkpoint checks for

Prophase

Condensation of chromosomes; spindle assembly

Prometaphase

Nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes attachment to the spindle

metaphase

Alignment of Chromosomes at the ________ plate

Anaphase

separation of Chromatids; migration to poles

Telophase

chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope reforms

Cytokenesis

cell separation; cell membrane and wall function