Cell Structure & Function

subatomic particles

atom

molecule

macromolecule

organelle

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

what are the levels of organization? (10)

subatomic particle

electrons, protons, and neutrons

Atom

hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc

Molecule

water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

Macromolecule

protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

Organelle

mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

Cell

muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

Tissue

epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve

Organ

– skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.

Organ System

skeletal system, digestive system, etc

Organism

the human

epithelial tissues (4)

simple squamous epithelium
stratified epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Lines vessels of cardiovascular and lymphatic

system; makes up walls of air sacs in lungs

(see micrograph).

Allows substances to cross by diffffusion

Stratifified squamous epithelium

Outer layer of skin; lining of the mouth, esophagus

(see micrograph)
Protection

Simple columnar epithelium

Lines the stomach, intestine (see micrograph),

and some airways

• Absorbs, secretes material

Simple cuboidal epithelium

• Lines kidney tubules (see micrograph),

ducts of some glands, oviducts

• Absorbs, secretes, moves materials

1. each organism consists of one or more cells

2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms.

3. all living cell arise by division of preexisting cells

4. cell contain DNA, which they pass to their offspring when they divide

cell theory

squamous cells
columnar cells
cuboidal cells
stellate cells
amorphous cells
oval cells
fusiform cells
polygonal cells
thread-like cells
spider-like cells

types of cell shapes (10)

squamous cells

tille like cells

outerlining or membranes

covering, protection

cuboidal cells

cube-like

tubules (kidney)

columnar cells

tube-like

linings of digestive organs

absorption

stellate cells

star-like

neurons

conduction of impulses

amorphous cells

irregular shapes

WBC

amoeboid/phagocytic

fusiform cells

spindle-like

smooth muscle

contraction

oval cells

round

RBC

transport

polygonal cells

many-sided

liver

thread-like cells

flagellated

sperm cell

motility

spider-like cells

bone matrix formation

bone

Anton van leeuwenhoek

made a simple and single-lens microscope

with magnification of about 275x

robert hooke

discovered the cell

coined the name “cell”

used cork of plant

observed tiny boxes that look like the rooms in monastery

to efficiently exchange materials with their environment

why cells are small?

surface-to-volume ratio

Relationship in which the volume of

an object increases with the cube of

the diameter, but the surface areas

increases with the square of the

diameter

• Limits cell size and influences cell

shape

eukaryotic cell

true nucleus

membrane-bound organelles

multicellular organisms

plants and animals

prokaryotic cell

false nucleus

non-membrane bound organelles

unicellular organisms

bacteria

plasma membrane

cytoplasm

organelles

DNA

components of all cells (4)

plasma membrane

Surrounds the cell and controls which substances

move in and out (selectively permeable)

Proteins embedded in a lipid bilayer or attached

to one of its surfaces carry out membrane

cytoplasm

Jellylike mixture of water, sugars, ions, and

proteins

Site of some or all of cell’s metabolism

organelle

Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic

function inside a cell

adhesion proteins

receptor proteins

enzymes

transport proteins

membrane proteins

adhesion proteins

fasten cells together or to

external proteins. This one connects protein

filaments inside the cell with external filaments in

animal tissues

receptor proteins

trigger a change in cellular

activity in response to a stimulus such as binding

to a particular substance. This one occurs on cells

of the immune system.

enzymes

speed reactions at membranes. This

one is part of a membrane-bound set of molecules

that together break down drugs and other organic

toxins.

transport proteins

bind to molecules on one

side of the membrane, and release them on the

other side. This one transports glucose.

prokaryotes

domains bacteria and archaea

smallest and most metabolically diverse life

inhabit nearly all regions of biosphere

cytoplasm

DNA in nucleiod
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
pilus
flagellum

prokaryote body plan (7)

Pili

Protein filaments used to help cells

cling to or move across surfaces, or

for plasmid transfer

flagella

Long, slender cellular structures used

for mobility

biofilms

Community of different types of

microorganisms living within a shared

mass of slime

• Provides various advantages to the

community of organisms

• Often attached to

solid surface

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that

constitutes the outer

boundary of the nucleus

rough er

smooth er

vesicles

golgi bodies

vacuoles

lysosome

peroxisome

the endomembrane system (7)

er

A continuous system of sacs and tubes

that is an extension of the nuclear

envelope

rough er

is studded with ribosomes (for

protein production)

smooth er

has no ribosomes

vesicle

Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike

organelle

• Stores, transports, or degrades its contents

vacuole

A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or

disposes of wastes, debris, or toxic

materials

lysosome

Vesicle with enzymes for intracellular

digestion

peroxisome

Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down

amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic

substances

golgi body

Organelle that modifies polypeptides and

lipids

• Sorts and packages the finished products

into transport vesicles

microtubules

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

the cytockeleton (3)

microtubules

Cytoskeletal elements involved in

movement

• Hollow filaments of tubulin subunits

microfilaments

Reinforcing cytoskeletal elements

• Fibers of actin subunits

intermediate filaments

Elements that lock cells and tissues

together

pseudopods

• Temporary protrusion that helps

some eukaryotic cells move and

engulf prey

• Moved by motor proteins attached

to microfilaments that drag plasma

membrane

extracellular matrix

Complex mixture of molecules

secreted by cells

• Supports cells and tissues

• Functions in cell signaling