Studied by 27 people
cartography
mapmaking, allowed better navigation in the sea, since its the knowledge of current and wind pattern
work, food, land, religious tolerance, adventure
gold, god, glory
what were some things Europeans searched for while exploring?
what were the three g’s of exploration?
to search for a new route to India in search of wealth and converts, and to escape competition with Islamic merchants
what were some reasons for Christopher Columbus’s voyages?
maritime empires
an empire whose power is based on sea travel and power
European exploration expanded trade to the Americas and transformed Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Holland (the Dutch) into maritime empires
how did European exploration affect trade and government in Europe?
astronomical charts
any map of the stars and galaxies that mariners relied on for navigation before the compass
astronomical chart
improved rudders
astrolabe
compass
magnetic compass
lateen sail
new ships (caravel, carrack, fluyt
name some technologies that improved sea travel
astrolabe
device that allowed sailors to determine how far north or south the equator was
magnetic compass
device that allowed sailors to steer a ship in the right direction
lateen sail
a ship sail in the shape of a triangle that could catch wind from any direction and allowed sailors to navigate and travel successfully into large bodies of water and expanded trade routes
caravel, carrack, fluyt
name the three ships that were developed in this time period
helped improve efficiency and served many different purposes (speed, trade, etc.)
what effect did newly developed ships have on sea travel
fluyt
a Dutch type of cargo ship that was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency
carrack
large Portuguese merchant ships with square and lateen sails and were large enough to be stable in heavy seas and to carry a large cargo
caravel
small, fast, and maneuverable sailing ships used by the Spanish and Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean
contributed to rapid expansion of exploration and global trade via sea travel
aided in conquests (gunpowder)
spread to other cultures
what are some effects of new technology?
Christopher Columbus
an explorer who was credited with “discovering the new world” and gained the support to explore across the Atlantic from Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand
to expand their rule and control of resources through conquests
to seek for converts
to find new wealth in the form of taxes, new trading opportunities, and material wealth
competition between other states to claim territory
why did European states want to explore?
because without the financial support of the state, voyages would have been too expensive
why would explorers need the support of the state/government to explore?
mercantilism
an economic system that increase government control of the economy through restrictive trade policies, such as increasing a state’s exports to maximize the amount of gold and silver they’re gaining and decreasing their imports to minimize the outflow of gold and silver
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese explorer that became the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east and for African gold, helped start the importing of enslaved Africans by sea and replaced the overland slave trade
Bartholomew Diaz
Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope
his voyages showed that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans flowed into each other and paved the way for Vasco Da Gama’s voyage to India
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer who sailed in order to open a sea route from Europe to India and China and was best known for being the first to sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa’s Cape of Good Hope
had a series of forts between malacca and Hormuz
dominated the spice trade
Became a global trading post empire that was based on small outposts rather than territories
Were successful for many decades until they were weakened due to lack of workers and ships, corruption, and merchants who worked independently from the government
eventually pushed out of South Asia as the Dutch captured malacca in an attempt to control the spice trade and the English focused on India
what are some characteristics of Portugals trade?
Ferdinand Magellan
Spanish explorer whose ships became the first to circumnavigate the globe
Manila
City that became a Spanish commercial center
Gold, silver, sugar, tobacco, and other valuable crops and resources
what did European explorers think would make explorations, conquests, and settlements profitable?
Silver
Valuable resource that became a dominant force in the global economy system that made its way from Mexico to east Asia, especially for the Spanish
Northwest passage
A route through or around North America that would lead to east asia and the trade in spices and luxury goods
Searched for my many European countries (French, Dutch, English)
Jacques Cartier
French explorer that sailed from the Atlantic Ocean to the St. Lawrence River in search for the northwest passage; claimed part of Canada for France
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer that helped discover valuable goods and resources in America, eliminating the need to go to Asia
Quebec
Town and trading post established my the French where it was rich in furs and other resources and attracted French traders and priests hoping to convert native Americans to Christianity
John Cabot
English explorer that was sent by the king to America to look for a northwest passage; claimed lands from Newfoundland south to Chesapeake Bay
Jamestown
English settlement built on the James river
Was Englands first successful colony in the America’s and one of the earliest colonies in what would later be the United States
Allowed England to declare itself a major naval power and to begin competing for lands and resources in the americas
What effect did Englands victory against the Spanish armada have on the English?
Henry Hudson
Explorer sent by the Dutch in 1609 to explore the east coast of North America and sailed up what became known as the Hudson River in search of a northwest passage, though he didn’t find it
His voyages allowed the Dutch to claim the Hudson River valley and manhattan
New Amsterdam
Dutch settlement located in present day New York City
Prospered due to being located where a major river flowed into the ocean and was an important location in the Dutch transatlantic trade network
Columbian exchange
interactions between the now linked Eastern and Western Hemisphere where diseases, food, and animals were swapped between the hemispheres
caused dramatic changes in population and biodiversity, as well as the global economy
conquistadores
Spanish soldiers
Because Native populations were isolated and had no immunity to the germs and diseases brought by the Europeans
Why did so many Native Americans die due to disease?
diseases (smallpox, measles, etc.)
What was responsible for the majority of deaths of native peoples?
pigs and cows
horses
wheat
grapes
diseases
enslaved Africans
What things were exchanged from the Old world to the New world?
maize (corn)
tomatoes
potatoes
beans
peppers
cacao
tobacco
What things were exchanged from the New World to the Old World?
allowed them to hunt buffalo efficiently and over a larger region, giving them a surplus of food
gave them more time for art and spirituality
competition and conflict between tribes increased, with those having the most horses having the most power
how did the introduction of the horse transform the culture of the indigenous peoples?
major population growth
better nutrition
caused greater wealth
What effects did new crops have on the Old World?
Portugal
What country started the Atlantic slave trade?
they began to import enslaved Africans to work due to the decimated indigenous population that they tried to enslave
what did the Portuguese do when there weren’t enough laborers for sugar cultivation?
Transatlantic Slave Trade
The forced transportation of millions of African people to the Americas as slaves from the 16th to the 19th century.
increase of wealth for Europeans
increased the number of Africans captured and sold for labor
What were some effects of sugar’s profitability?
african diaspora
The dispersion of African people across the globe, resulting from the transatlantic slave trade and voluntary migrations. It includes the cultural, social, and political impacts of Africans and their descendants in various regions, such as the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean.
creole
a language that emerged from European colonizer’s languages (English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, etc.) and parts of West African languages and grammatical patterns
caused many Africans to lose their languages due to the linguistic isolation and rarity of sharing a language with another captive
creation of the language creole
African music traditions were brought to the Americas and were maintained
brought rice, okra, gumbo, and their knowledge of how to prepare these foods to the Americas
how did the transatlantic slave trade affect African culture?
used agricultural lands in the Americas more intensely than the Native Americans
cut down trees to clear areas for planting crops and created large fields that they cultivated year after year
caused deforestation and soil depletion
increased strain on water resources and created more concentrated areas of pollution
caused the major decline in native populations due to bringing European diseases to the Americas
What effects did Europeans have on the environment and demographics of the Americas?
indentured servitude
arrangements in which servants contracted to work for a specified period of time in years in exchange for passage
chattel slavery
a race based system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold
the increased demand for enslaved Africans in the Americas for labor
led to major demographic, social, and cultural changes
what did the growth of the plantation economy lead to?
were impressed at first but eventually began to isolate themselves to limit outside influences
How did Japan and China react to the arrival of Europeans?
rivalries were fueled by political, economic, and religious motives and shaped the expansion of maritime empires
What fueled European rivalries and how did they affect European states?
New Spain
colony established in Mexico in 1520 by Spanish forces, who destroyed Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City, their capital, on its ruins
Treaty of Tordesillas
treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that divided the Americas between them, giving Spain all lands to the west of a meridian that went through eastern South America and Portugal all lands east of the line, which gave Brazil to Portugal and Spain all other lands
encomienda system
a system of forced labor in Spanish colonies where landowners would convince indigenous peoples to work for them in exchange for food and shelter
established by the Spanish in 1500s in the Americas in order to gain access to gold and other resources
encomenderos
landowners who participated in the encomienda system
coercive labor system
system where a person does work for another person or for the state under compulsion, receiving little to no recompense
hacienda system
one of the land ownership systems that developed when the Spanish government granted land in the colonies to conquistadores who would use them for agriculture and used forced labor to work the fields
revival of economic fortunes for individual explorers and Spain
strengthened Spain’s economy
the wealth Spain obtained from the silver trade was used to build up the military and establish foreign trade
what effects did the silver trade have?
colony
claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country
the enslavement of women as household servants
having enslaved people in African communities was a sign of wealth and power
in what way did slavery already exist in Africa?
Native Americans
who did the Europeans first try to enslave?
because most of the indigenous population was wiped out by European diseases and those that survived often escaped due to their familiarity with the land, social networks that could protect them, and the ability to easily camouflage themselves within the native population
why did the Europeans attempt to enslave indigenous people fail?
because they realized how they could economically benefit from the Atlantic Slave Trade
why did some African rulers willingly hand over Africans for slavery?
Kingdom of the Kongo
a centralized state located along the west coast of central Africa and was a superpower and center of trade routes for ivory, copper, raffia cloth, and pottery
was also a major hub of the transatlantic slave trade for the Portuguese
Asante Empire
kingdom that developed in modern day central Ghana and became powerful through the slave trade and gold trade
middle passage
the transports of enslaved Africans from the coast of Africa, across the Atlantic, and to the Americas
was a century long decline in population in African home countries
the physical migration of enslaved Africans impacted demographics in both African homes and the countries of their captivity
What impacts did the growth of the plantation economy and expansion of slavery have on demographics?
was a migration of status from free person to enslaved, which set up social classes that remained influential in post slavery countries
disrupted family organization since families were often separated
more men were taken then women, so polygyny (having more than one wife) became common
since people were treated as commodities, social and family groupings were determined more by supply and demand than by bonds of kinship
What impacts did the growth of the plantation economy and expansion of slavery have on societies?
people of African roots helped shape and enrich the language and culture of the societies they were brought to
the mixing of ethnic groups formed new groups of multiracial people
What impacts did the growth of the plantation economy and expansion of slavery have on culture?
transformed commerce from local, small scale trading to large scale international trade using gold and silver
employed new economic models, such as joint-stock companies
new ocean routes opened and aided in the use of the global economy
maritime empires controlled the movement of labor and enslaved people in the Atlantic trading system, which caused the mixing of African, American, and European cultures
How did the development of maritime empires affect commerce?
commercial revolution
the transformation to a trade based economy using gold and silver, which affected all regions of the world
the development of European overseas colonies
the opening of new ocean trade routes
population growth
inflation (partly caused by pressures from the growing population and by the increased amount of gold and silver that was mined and put in circulation
What were the four main factors that caused the Commercial Revolution?
capital
material wealth available to produce more wealth
was how Europeans measured wealth (gold and silver)
price revolution
the high rate of inflation, or general rise of prices, in the 16th and early 17th century
joint-stock company
a business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share of the company based on the amount of money they’ve invested
offered limited liability, the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company’s debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment
aided to the rise of the extended global economy
those who invested capital on these companies shared both the profits and risks of exploration and trading ventures
were a driving force to the development of maritime empires as they allowed exploration and ventures to colonize and develop the resources of distant lands with limited risk to investors
what effects did joint-stock companies have?
Dutch East India Company
a chartered Dutch joint-stock company that carried out trade activities in Asia, exploration, and colonization
made the Dutch the commercial middlemen of Europe, having set up and maintained trade routes to Latin America, North America, South Africa, and Indonesia
allowed the Dutch to make enormous profits in the Spice Islands
British East India Company
an English joint stock company that was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and later in East Asia
triangular trade
a complex Atlantic trading system in which European products were sent from Europe to Africa, where they were traded for slaves, who were transported to the Americas and sold
granted certain merchants or the government itself the exclusive right to trade
what did monopolies do in trade?
greatly weakened several West African kingdoms
slowed population growth due to loss of so many people
trade competition led to violence amount African societies and made African slave -raiding kingdoms economically dependent on goods from Europe
African societies that relied on European goods were slow to develop more complex economies in which they produced their own goods
set the stage for European conquest and imperialism
African societies that conducted slave raids became richer from selling their captives to Europeans
intergroup warfare became more common as African societies exchanged enslaved people for guns and took advantage of those without firearms and became more wealthy and powerful because of it
gender distributions in West Africa became severely imbalanced since more men were taken than women, causing a rise in polygyny and forced women to take duties and jobs that were traditionally men’s
ultimately spurred population growth through new crops and improved diet
what effects did the Atlantic slave trade have?
instead of either allowing traditions to exist or try to graft their ways onto their subjects, the Spanish and Portuguese managed to erase the basic social structures and many of the cultural traditions of the indigenous Americans
How did the Spanish and Portuguese’s political methods differ from land-based empires?
viceroy
administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown that helped to rule over the Spanish colonies
audiencias
royal courts established by the Spanish to keep viceroys from operating independently from the crown and could appeal viceroy’s decisions or policies
because conquistadores ordered the burning of native books that were through to be unholy, causing very few original accounts written in the Aztec language to exist today and the loss of a great amount of their culture and history
Why are there little indigenous first-hand accounts from this time period?
Africans melded aspects of Christianity, usually Roman Catholicism, with their West African religious traditions, such as drumming, dancing, and a belief in spirits that could take over and act through a person
enslaved Africans in the United States also laid roots for the African American church, a hybrid of Christianity and African spiritual traditions
1/10 of enslaved Africans practiced Islam and were the first significant presence of Islam in the Americas
most Latin Americans were Roman Catholic Christians due to the several Catholic religious orders that sent missionaries to Latin America
What are some examples of religious syncretism caused by the newly established global connections between hemispheres?
Ana Nzinga
queen of Ndongo (present-day Angola) and Matamba and was known for standing up to European colonizers and did her best to protect her people from the Atlantic slave trade
cossacks
peasant warriors, many of which were runaway Russian serfs who lived in small groups, influenced by the ways of neighboring nomadic descendants of Mongols
were sometimes at odds with the central autocratic government of Russia, though could be hired as mercenaries to defend Russia against Swedish, Tartar, and Ottoman forces and were important to Russia’s expansion
Pugachev Rebellion
revolt started by the Cossack, Yemelyan Pugachev, that was against Catherin the Great for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty, leaving with peasants without ties or recourse to the state
caused Catherine the Great to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts
the Maratha
Hindu warrior group that fought the Mughals in a series of battles and ended Mughal rule by creating the Maratha Empire
Pueblo Revolt
rebellion that took place in 1680 against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico, where the Pueblo and Apache, two indigenous groups, fought colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions
Maroon Wars
conflict between the Maroons (descendants of Africans who escaped slavery in Jamaica) and the English where the maroons fought for freedom in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas
Queen Nanny
woman who was a maroon who also escaped slavery and united the maroons; later recognized as a national hero by Jamaicans
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