unit 4 - transoceanic interconnections from c. 1450 to c. 1750

cartography

mapmaking, allowed better navigation in the sea, since its the knowledge of current and wind pattern

work, food, land, religious tolerance, adventure

gold, god, glory

what were some things Europeans searched for while exploring?

what were the three g’s of exploration?

to search for a new route to India in search of wealth and converts, and to escape competition with Islamic merchants

what were some reasons for Christopher Columbus’s voyages?

maritime empires

an empire whose power is based on sea travel and power

European exploration expanded trade to the Americas and transformed Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Holland (the Dutch) into maritime empires

how did European exploration affect trade and government in Europe?

astronomical charts

any map of the stars and galaxies that mariners relied on for navigation before the compass

• astronomical chart

• improved rudders

• astrolabe

• compass

• magnetic compass

• lateen sail

• new ships (caravel, carrack, fluyt

name some technologies that improved sea travel

astrolabe

device that allowed sailors to determine how far north or south the equator was

magnetic compass

device that allowed sailors to steer a ship in the right direction

lateen sail

a ship sail in the shape of a triangle that could catch wind from any direction and allowed sailors to navigate and travel successfully into large bodies of water and expanded trade routes

caravel, carrack, fluyt

name the three ships that were developed in this time period

helped improve efficiency and served many different purposes (speed, trade, etc.)

what effect did newly developed ships have on sea travel

fluyt

a Dutch type of cargo ship that was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency

carrack

large Portuguese merchant ships with square and lateen sails and were large enough to be stable in heavy seas and to carry a large cargo

caravel

small, fast, and maneuverable sailing ships used by the Spanish and Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean

• contributed to rapid expansion of exploration and global trade via sea travel

• aided in conquests (gunpowder)

• spread to other cultures

what are some effects of new technology?

Christopher Columbus

an explorer who was credited with “discovering the new world” and gained the support to explore across the Atlantic from Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand

• to expand their rule and control of resources through conquests

• to seek for converts

• to find new wealth in the form of taxes, new trading opportunities, and material wealth

• competition between other states to claim territory

why did European states want to explore?

because without the financial support of the state, voyages would have been too expensive

why would explorers need the support of the state/government to explore?

mercantilism

an economic system that increase government control of the economy through restrictive trade policies, such as increasing a state’s exports to maximize the amount of gold and silver they’re gaining and decreasing their imports to minimize the outflow of gold and silver

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese explorer that became the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east and for African gold, helped start the importing of enslaved Africans by sea and replaced the overland slave trade

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope

his voyages showed that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans flowed into each other and paved the way for Vasco Da Gama’s voyage to India

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who sailed in order to open a sea route from Europe to India and China and was best known for being the first to sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa’s Cape of Good Hope

• had a series of forts between malacca and Hormuz

• dominated the spice trade

• Became a global trading post empire that was based on small outposts rather than territories

• Were successful for many decades until they were weakened due to lack of workers and ships, corruption, and merchants who worked independently from the government

eventually pushed out of South Asia as the Dutch captured malacca in an attempt to control the spice trade and the English focused on India

what are some characteristics of Portugals trade?

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer whose ships became the first to circumnavigate the globe

Manila

City that became a Spanish commercial center

Gold, silver, sugar, tobacco, and other valuable crops and resources

what did European explorers think would make explorations, conquests, and settlements profitable?

Silver

Valuable resource that became a dominant force in the global economy system that made its way from Mexico to east Asia, especially for the Spanish

Northwest passage

A route through or around North America that would lead to east asia and the trade in spices and luxury goods

• Searched for my many European countries (French, Dutch, English)

Jacques Cartier

French explorer that sailed from the Atlantic Ocean to the St. Lawrence River in search for the northwest passage; claimed part of Canada for France

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer that helped discover valuable goods and resources in America, eliminating the need to go to Asia

Quebec

Town and trading post established my the French where it was rich in furs and other resources and attracted French traders and priests hoping to convert native Americans to Christianity

John Cabot

English explorer that was sent by the king to America to look for a northwest passage; claimed lands from Newfoundland south to Chesapeake Bay

Jamestown

English settlement built on the James river

Was Englands first successful colony in the America’s and one of the earliest colonies in what would later be the United States

Allowed England to declare itself a major naval power and to begin competing for lands and resources in the americas

What effect did Englands victory against the Spanish armada have on the English?

Henry Hudson

Explorer sent by the Dutch in 1609 to explore the east coast of North America and sailed up what became known as the Hudson River in search of a northwest passage, though he didn’t find it

His voyages allowed the Dutch to claim the Hudson River valley and manhattan

New Amsterdam

Dutch settlement located in present day New York City

Prospered due to being located where a major river flowed into the ocean and was an important location in the Dutch transatlantic trade network

Columbian exchange

interactions between the now linked Eastern and Western Hemisphere where diseases, food, and animals were swapped between the hemispheres

caused dramatic changes in population and biodiversity, as well as the global economy

conquistadores

Spanish soldiers

Because Native populations were isolated and had no immunity to the germs and diseases brought by the Europeans

Why did so many Native Americans die due to disease?

diseases (smallpox, measles, etc.)

What was responsible for the majority of deaths of native peoples?

• pigs and cows

• horses

• wheat

• grapes

• diseases

• enslaved Africans

What things were exchanged from the Old world to the New world?

• maize (corn)

• tomatoes

• potatoes

• beans

• peppers

• cacao

• tobacco

What things were exchanged from the New World to the Old World?

• allowed them to hunt buffalo efficiently and over a larger region, giving them a surplus of food

• gave them more time for art and spirituality

• competition and conflict between tribes increased, with those having the most horses having the most power

how did the introduction of the horse transform the culture of the indigenous peoples?

• major population growth

• better nutrition

• caused greater wealth

What effects did new crops have on the Old World?

Portugal

What country started the Atlantic slave trade?

they began to import enslaved Africans to work due to the decimated indigenous population that they tried to enslave

what did the Portuguese do when there weren’t enough laborers for sugar cultivation?

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The forced transportation of millions of African people to the Americas as slaves from the 16th to the 19th century.

• increase of wealth for Europeans

• increased the number of Africans captured and sold for labor

What were some effects of sugar’s profitability?

african diaspora

The dispersion of African people across the globe, resulting from the transatlantic slave trade and voluntary migrations. It includes the cultural, social, and political impacts of Africans and their descendants in various regions, such as the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean.

creole

a language that emerged from European colonizer’s languages (English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, etc.) and parts of West African languages and grammatical patterns

• caused many Africans to lose their languages due to the linguistic isolation and rarity of sharing a language with another captive

• creation of the language creole

• African music traditions were brought to the Americas and were maintained

• brought rice, okra, gumbo, and their knowledge of how to prepare these foods to the Americas

how did the transatlantic slave trade affect African culture?

• used agricultural lands in the Americas more intensely than the Native Americans

• cut down trees to clear areas for planting crops and created large fields that they cultivated year after year

• caused deforestation and soil depletion

• increased strain on water resources and created more concentrated areas of pollution

• caused the major decline in native populations due to bringing European diseases to the Americas

What effects did Europeans have on the environment and demographics of the Americas?

indentured servitude

arrangements in which servants contracted to work for a specified period of time in years in exchange for passage

chattel slavery

a race based system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold

the increased demand for enslaved Africans in the Americas for labor

led to major demographic, social, and cultural changes

what did the growth of the plantation economy lead to?

were impressed at first but eventually began to isolate themselves to limit outside influences

How did Japan and China react to the arrival of Europeans?

rivalries were fueled by political, economic, and religious motives and shaped the expansion of maritime empires

What fueled European rivalries and how did they affect European states?

New Spain

colony established in Mexico in 1520 by Spanish forces, who destroyed Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City, their capital, on its ruins

Treaty of Tordesillas

treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that divided the Americas between them, giving Spain all lands to the west of a meridian that went through eastern South America and Portugal all lands east of the line, which gave Brazil to Portugal and Spain all other lands

encomienda system

a system of forced labor in Spanish colonies where landowners would convince indigenous peoples to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

established by the Spanish in 1500s in the Americas in order to gain access to gold and other resources

encomenderos

landowners who participated in the encomienda system

coercive labor system

system where a person does work for another person or for the state under compulsion, receiving little to no recompense

hacienda system

one of the land ownership systems that developed when the Spanish government granted land in the colonies to conquistadores who would use them for agriculture and used forced labor to work the fields

• revival of economic fortunes for individual explorers and Spain

• strengthened Spain’s economy

• the wealth Spain obtained from the silver trade was used to build up the military and establish foreign trade

what effects did the silver trade have?

colony

claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country

• the enslavement of women as household servants

• having enslaved people in African communities was a sign of wealth and power

in what way did slavery already exist in Africa?

Native Americans

who did the Europeans first try to enslave?

because most of the indigenous population was wiped out by European diseases and those that survived often escaped due to their familiarity with the land, social networks that could protect them, and the ability to easily camouflage themselves within the native population

why did the Europeans attempt to enslave indigenous people fail?

because they realized how they could economically benefit from the Atlantic Slave Trade

why did some African rulers willingly hand over Africans for slavery?

Kingdom of the Kongo

a centralized state located along the west coast of central Africa and was a superpower and center of trade routes for ivory, copper, raffia cloth, and pottery

was also a major hub of the transatlantic slave trade for the Portuguese

Asante Empire

kingdom that developed in modern day central Ghana and became powerful through the slave trade and gold trade

middle passage

the transports of enslaved Africans from the coast of Africa, across the Atlantic, and to the Americas

• was a century long decline in population in African home countries

• the physical migration of enslaved Africans impacted demographics in both African homes and the countries of their captivity

What impacts did the growth of the plantation economy and expansion of slavery have on demographics?

• was a migration of status from free person to enslaved, which set up social classes that remained influential in post slavery countries

• disrupted family organization since families were often separated

• more men were taken then women, so polygyny (having more than one wife) became common

• since people were treated as commodities, social and family groupings were determined more by supply and demand than by bonds of kinship

What impacts did the growth of the plantation economy and expansion of slavery have on societies?

• people of African roots helped shape and enrich the language and culture of the societies they were brought to

• the mixing of ethnic groups formed new groups of multiracial people

What impacts did the growth of the plantation economy and expansion of slavery have on culture?

• transformed commerce from local, small scale trading to large scale international trade using gold and silver

• employed new economic models, such as joint-stock companies

• new ocean routes opened and aided in the use of the global economy

• maritime empires controlled the movement of labor and enslaved people in the Atlantic trading system, which caused the mixing of African, American, and European cultures

How did the development of maritime empires affect commerce?

commercial revolution

the transformation to a trade based economy using gold and silver, which affected all regions of the world

• the development of European overseas colonies

• the opening of new ocean trade routes

• population growth

• inflation (partly caused by pressures from the growing population and by the increased amount of gold and silver that was mined and put in circulation

What were the four main factors that caused the Commercial Revolution?

capital

material wealth available to produce more wealth

was how Europeans measured wealth (gold and silver)

price revolution

the high rate of inflation, or general rise of prices, in the 16th and early 17th century

joint-stock company

a business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share of the company based on the amount of money they’ve invested

offered limited liability, the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company’s debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment

• aided to the rise of the extended global economy

• those who invested capital on these companies shared both the profits and risks of exploration and trading ventures

• were a driving force to the development of maritime empires as they allowed exploration and ventures to colonize and develop the resources of distant lands with limited risk to investors

what effects did joint-stock companies have?

Dutch East India Company

a chartered Dutch joint-stock company that carried out trade activities in Asia, exploration, and colonization

made the Dutch the commercial middlemen of Europe, having set up and maintained trade routes to Latin America, North America, South Africa, and Indonesia

allowed the Dutch to make enormous profits in the Spice Islands

British East India Company

an English joint stock company that was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and later in East Asia

triangular trade

a complex Atlantic trading system in which European products were sent from Europe to Africa, where they were traded for slaves, who were transported to the Americas and sold

granted certain merchants or the government itself the exclusive right to trade

what did monopolies do in trade?

• greatly weakened several West African kingdoms

• slowed population growth due to loss of so many people

• trade competition led to violence amount African societies and made African slave -raiding kingdoms economically dependent on goods from Europe

• African societies that relied on European goods were slow to develop more complex economies in which they produced their own goods

• set the stage for European conquest and imperialism

• African societies that conducted slave raids became richer from selling their captives to Europeans

• intergroup warfare became more common as African societies exchanged enslaved people for guns and took advantage of those without firearms and became more wealthy and powerful because of it

• gender distributions in West Africa became severely imbalanced since more men were taken than women, causing a rise in polygyny and forced women to take duties and jobs that were traditionally men’s

• ultimately spurred population growth through new crops and improved diet

what effects did the Atlantic slave trade have?

instead of either allowing traditions to exist or try to graft their ways onto their subjects, the Spanish and Portuguese managed to erase the basic social structures and many of the cultural traditions of the indigenous Americans

How did the Spanish and Portuguese’s political methods differ from land-based empires?

viceroy

administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown that helped to rule over the Spanish colonies

audiencias

royal courts established by the Spanish to keep viceroys from operating independently from the crown and could appeal viceroy’s decisions or policies

because conquistadores ordered the burning of native books that were through to be unholy, causing very few original accounts written in the Aztec language to exist today and the loss of a great amount of their culture and history

Why are there little indigenous first-hand accounts from this time period?

• Africans melded aspects of Christianity, usually Roman Catholicism, with their West African religious traditions, such as drumming, dancing, and a belief in spirits that could take over and act through a person

• enslaved Africans in the United States also laid roots for the African American church, a hybrid of Christianity and African spiritual traditions

• 1/10 of enslaved Africans practiced Islam and were the first significant presence of Islam in the Americas

• most Latin Americans were Roman Catholic Christians due to the several Catholic religious orders that sent missionaries to Latin America

What are some examples of religious syncretism caused by the newly established global connections between hemispheres?

Ana Nzinga

queen of Ndongo (present-day Angola) and Matamba and was known for standing up to European colonizers and did her best to protect her people from the Atlantic slave trade

cossacks

peasant warriors, many of which were runaway Russian serfs who lived in small groups, influenced by the ways of neighboring nomadic descendants of Mongols

were sometimes at odds with the central autocratic government of Russia, though could be hired as mercenaries to defend Russia against Swedish, Tartar, and Ottoman forces and were important to Russia’s expansion

Pugachev Rebellion

revolt started by the Cossack, Yemelyan Pugachev, that was against Catherin the Great for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty, leaving with peasants without ties or recourse to the state

caused Catherine the Great to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts

the Maratha

Hindu warrior group that fought the Mughals in a series of battles and ended Mughal rule by creating the Maratha Empire

Pueblo Revolt

rebellion that took place in 1680 against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico, where the Pueblo and Apache, two indigenous groups, fought colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions

Maroon Wars

conflict between the Maroons (descendants of Africans who escaped slavery in Jamaica) and the English where the maroons fought for freedom in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas

Queen Nanny

woman who was a maroon who also escaped slavery and united the maroons; later recognized as a national hero by Jamaicans