Kinematics, Dynamics and Thermodynamics

Scalar Quantity

A quantity that has only magnitude and no direction (e.g., distance).

Vector Quantity

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement).

SI Unit for Distance

Meter (m).

Distance

The total length of the path traveled by an object, regardless of direction.

Displacement

The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of an object, with direction.

Conversion

The process of changing units between kilometers (km), meters (m), and centimeters (cm).

Distance Calculation

Determining the total path length from a graph or diagram.

Displacement Calculation

Determining the shortest path from start to finish from a graph or diagram.

Speed

The rate at which an object covers distance, a scalar quantity.

Velocity

The rate at which an object changes its position, a vector quantity.

Speed Calculation

Speed = Distance \ Time

Velocity Calculation

Velocity = Displacement \ Time

Conversion between m/s and km/h

Changing speed units from meters per second to kilometers per hour and vice versa.

Instantaneous Velocity

The velocity of an object at a specific moment in time.

Average Velocity

The total displacement divided by the total time taken.

Displacement-Time Graph

A graph that shows how displacement changes over time.

Velocity-Time Graph

A graph that shows how velocity changes over time.

Speed from Graph

Determining the speed of an object by analyzing its graph.

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity, can involve changes in speed and/or direction.

Units for Acceleration

Meters per second squared (m/s²).

Acceleration Calculation

a=(v-u)/t

Velocity-Time Graph Relationship

A graph that shows how velocity changes over time can be used to determine acceleration.

Acceleration from Velocity-Time Graph

Determining acceleration by analyzing the slope of a velocity-time graph.

Variables in Motion

v (final velocity), u (initial velocity), s (displacement), a (acceleration), t (time).

Linear Motion Equations

Equations used to solve for v, u, s, and t in linear motion scenarios.

Inertia

The resistance of an object to changes in its state of motion.

Forces on a Vehicle

Normal (up), Force due to gravity (down), Thrust (forwards), Resistance (backwards)

Resultant Force

The net force acting on an object, calculated from balanced and unbalanced force diagrams.

Force

A push or pull on an object, can be contact (e.g., friction) or non-contact (e.g., gravity).

Newton's First Law

An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.

Newton's Second Law

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Force Calculation

F = ma

Unit of Force

Newton (N).

Newton's Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Application of Newton's Third Law

Determining the force exerted on an object during interactions with another object.

Gravitational Potential Energy (EP)

The energy stored in an object due to its height above the ground.

Acceleration due to Gravity

The constant acceleration experienced by an object in free fall, approximately 9.8 m/s².

Gravitational Potential Energy Calculation

E_p=mgh

Kinetic Energy (EK)

The energy of an object due to its motion.

Kinetic Energy Calculation

E_K = ½ mv²

Work (W)

The change in energy of an object when a force is applied over a distance.

Work Calculation

W = fs

Work = Force x Displacement

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Energy Transformation

The process of changing energy from one form to another within a system.

Efficiency Calculation

Efficiency = (Output energy / Input energy) x 100%