AP Hug final for Semester 1 Module 1-4

Topographic maps

Maps that show elevation and distance with a three-dimensional representation.

Cartographer

A person who makes maps.

Spatial perspective

The viewpoint that maps use to show spatial patterns.

Data aggregation

The process of collecting and organizing large amounts of data.

Time distance decay

The principle that near things are more related than distant things.

Map symbols

Symbols that help organize information on a map.

Legend

The explanation of the meaning of map symbols.

Compass direction

Absolute direction represented on maps.

Map scale

The relationship between distance on a map and distance in reality.

Relative distance

Measures the level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between places.

Relative direction

Describes position or movement, such as left or right.

Reference maps

Maps that emphasize geographic locations on Earth's surface.

Thematic maps

Maps that emphasize spatial patterns of geographic statistics.

Choropleth map

A map that shows data aggregated for specific geographic areas.

Dot density maps

Maps that show density differences in geographic distributions.

Mercator projection

A map projection that represents true compass direction.

Peters projection

A map projection that shows land masses with true areas but distorts shapes.

Goode homolosine projection

A map projection that avoids shape distortion by creating interruptions.

Robinson projection

A visually appealing map projection that minimizes various distortions.

Spatial pattern

The placement or arrangement of objects on Earth's surface.

Cartogram

A map that distorts geographic shape to show the size of a specific variable.

Census

An official count or survey of a population.

Absolute location

A precise position on Earth’s surface.

Geospatial technology

Equipment used to measure Earth's land and features.

GPS

Global Positioning System; a technology that finds absolute location.

Latitude lines

Horizontal lines used to measure distance north or south of the equator.

Longitude lines

Vertical lines used to measure distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Prime meridian

The zero-degree longitude line.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system of satellites that gather data about location.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Software for capturing, storing, and displaying geospatial data.

Remote sensing

The scanning of Earth by satellites to obtain information.

Aerial photography

High-resolution images of Earth typically taken by drones.

Relative location

The position of one place in relation to another.

Cultural landscape

The built forms that cultural groups create in an environment.

Time-space compression

The decreasing distance between places as measured by travel time or cost.

Interdependence

The economic ties established between regions and countries.

Globalization

The process by which cultures become more alike.

Diffusion

The pattern by which a phenomenon spreads from one location.

Independent invention

The simultaneous development of the same innovation in different places.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of ideas through an increasing number of people and areas.

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of ideas from one important person or community to another.

Contagious diffusion

The wavelike spread of ideas akin to the spread of a disease.

Stimulus diffusion

When a specific trait is rejected, but the idea is accepted.

Relocation diffusion

When individuals migrate, bringing their ideas to a new place.

Population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement.

Megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents.

Metacity

A city with more than 20 million residents.

Arithmetic density

Calculated by dividing total population by land area.

Physiological density

Average number of people per unit area of arable land.

Carrying capacity

The number of people an environment can support sustainably.

Population pyramid

A graphic device for comparing age and sex structure.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1000 people.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A model that explains the transition of a country’s population over time.

Malthusian theory

The theory that population growth will outpace food supply.

Neocolonialism

Economic and political strategies that maintain influence over less wealthy areas.

Ethnonationalism

A form of nationalism defined in terms of ethnic identity.

Supranationalism

The relinquishing of sovereignty to a larger authority.

Gerrymandering

The manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a political party.

Antinatalist policies

Policies designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates.

Pronatalist policies

Policies designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth.

Cultural traits

Elements that define a culture, such as language and traditions.

Globalization

The process that promotes the interconnectedness of cultures.