Quiz Bowl

Marcel Proust

• Wrote the novel (Remembrance of Things Past), also known as "In Search of Lost Time" À la recherche du temps perdu

  • Concerns the nature of involuntary memory

  • This is exemplified in Swann’s Way (1913)

  • The narrator’s memory is triggered by eating a madeleine soaked in tea.

  • Later volumes of the novel include

    • In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower (1919)

    • The Guermantes Way (1920–1921)

    • Sodom and Gomorrah (1921–1922)

    • The Captive (1923)

    • The Fugitive (1925)

    • and Time Regained (1927).

• Gay French author

Gertrude Stein

• Once said “there is no ‘there’ there” about Oakland

• Moved to Paris in 1903 to establish a salon at 27 Rue de Fleurus

• Repetitive work such as in “Sacred Emily” (1913)

  • “rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.”

• Recounts life in Paris in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)

• American author, raised in Oakland

• Once told Ernest Hemingway “you are all a lost generation”

Wallace Stevens

• Wrote poem collection Harmonium (1923)

  • “The Emperor of Ice-Cream”

    • Starts with “call the roller of big cigars”

  • “Sunday Morning”

    • Notes that “Death is the mother of beauty”

  • “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird”

    • Starts with “Among twenty snowy mountains “

• Later wrote “The Idea of Order at Key West” (1934)

  • Starts with “She sang beyond the genius of the sea.”

• Insurance executive by trade

Virginia Woolf

• Wrote Mrs. Dalloway (1925)

  • About Clarissa Calloway preparing to host a party and Veteran Septimus Smith’s last days.

• In her 1929 essay “A Room of One’s Own,” she created a fictional sister of William Shakespeare, named Judith

• Orlando (1928) - About an Elizabethan nobleman who lives for over 300 years without aging and who changes gender. was inspired by her lover Vita Sackville–West

• Part of the Bloomsbury Group w/ her husband Leonard.

• Drowned herself in the River Ouse in 1941

• Honed stream-of-consciousness as a literary technique

James Joyce

• Wrote Dubliners (1914)

  • Ends with the novella “The Dead”

  • Depicts citizens of the title city in daily life

• Experimental novel Finnegans Wake (1939)

  • Opens with “riverrun, past Eve and Adam’s” Which is the conclusion to the books final sentence

• Wrote a modern adaptation of Homer’s Odyssey titled Ulysses (1922) set in his native Dublin

  • About Leopold Bloom around the city on June 16, 1904 (Bloomsday)

  • Leopold’s wife Molly is modeled after his real wife, Nora Barnacle

  • Also features Stephen Dedalus

    • The protagonist of his novel of his early years and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)

D. H. Lawrence

• She also wrote wrote Sons and Lovers (1913)

  • About Paul Morel, the son of a coal miner

• Also wrote The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920)

  • Both about the Brangwen Familly

• Short stories include “The Odour of Chrysanthemums” (1911) and “The Rocking Horse-Winner” (1926)

• Wrote Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)

  • It was so sexually explicit and transgressive that an uncensored version was not published until 1960

  • It prompted an obscenity trial against Penguin Books when the uncensored version was released

  • It is about an affair between Constance Reid (Lady Chatterley)—whose husband Clifford is paralyzed by an injury during World War I—and her estate’s gamekeeper, Oliver Mellors

Ezra Pound

• Cathay (1915)

  • Included free-form translations of classical Chinese poetry

    • Included Li Bai’s poem “A River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter.”

• The Cantos (1917–1962)

  • Contains his anti-Semitism, fascist views, and admiration of Benito Mussolini

  • A section called theThe Pisan Cantos (1948) was awarded the inaugural Bollingen Prize

• Developed Imagism a poetic movement that emphasized sharp language and clear, precise imagery

  • Exemplified in “In a Station of the Metro” (1913)

    • “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.“

T. S. Eliot

• “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” (1915)

  • Starts with, “Let us go then, you and I, / When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table”

• “The Hollow Men” (1925)

  • Ends with “This is the way the world ends / Not with a bang but a whimper”

• “Ash Wednesday” (1930)

  • About his conversion to Anglicanism

• Four Quartets

  • “Burnt Norton,” (1936)

  • “East Coker,” (1940)

  • “The Dry Salvages,” (1941)

  • “Little Gidding” (1942)

• The satirical Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats (1939) was adapted into Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Cats

• The Waste Land (1922)

  • Dedicated to Ezra Pound

  • Opens with “April is the cruellest [sic] month”

  • “I will show you fear in a handful of dust,”

  • “These fragments I have shored against my ruins.”

E. E. Cummings

• “anyone lived in a pretty how town” (1940)

  • Describes how “anyone“ was ignored by the residents of a small town

• “i sing of Olaf glad and big” (1931)

  • About conscientious objector who is violently punished for his refusal to serve or display patriotism

• The Enormous Room (1922)

  • Inspired by his work as an ambulance driver in WWI and imprisonment in France for pacifist views

• Used racial slurs in his poems

• Known for eschewing standard capitalization and punctuation

Hart Crane

• “Voyages”

  • Erotic poems about his love for Emil Opffer

  • Published in White Buildings (1926)

• “The Broken Tower” (1932)

• Suicide in the Gulf of Mexico

• Best known for The Bridge (1930)

  • Thematic centerpiece is Brooklyn Bridge

  • Other sections include “Ave Maria,” “Powhatan’s Daughter,” “The River,” “Cutty Sark,” and “Cape Hatteras.”

  • Coined the phrase “Appalachian Spring,”

    • Martha Graham chose to title the 1944 ballet she choreographed to music by Aaron Copland

Stoicism

• founded by Zeno of Citium

  • who taught at the “painted porch”

• An important idea was “pneuma,” or “the breath of life“

• Important thinkers include

  • Epictetus - ideas recorded in the Discourses

  • Marcus Aurelius

• Includes freedom from emotions

Skepticism

• Supports rejection of truths unless they are supported by sufficient evidence

• Academic _________

  • States no truths can be certain

  • Lead by Arcesilaus and Carneades

• “Pyrrhonian” ___________

  • Named after Pyrrho of Elis, who is considered the father of _________

• Sextus Empiricus

  • Provided the most complete accounts of ________ in Outlines of Pyrrhonism

Scholasticism

• Taught at medieval Christian universities to reconcile Christian thought with classical thinkers such as Aristotle

• Thomas Aquinas

  • Created five arguments for the existence of God (“quinque viae”) in his Summa Theologica

• Pierre Abelard - Sic et Non

• Peter Lombard - The Four Books of Sentences

Empiricism

• John Locke - An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

  • Thought that the mind starts as a tabula rasa — (blank slate)

  • We gain knowledge through experiences

• George Berkeley - A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

• David Hume - An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

• States that all knowledge derives from sensory experience

Rationalism

• Plato - Theory of Forms

  • Abstract ideas (forms) are more real than the material world of senses

• René Descartes - Meditations on First Philosophy

  • “I think therefore I am“

• Baruch Spinoza - Ethics

• States that we gain knowledge through intuition

Positivism

• Encourages the scientific method to discover the laws that govern society

• Auguste Comte

  • society develops through three stages

    • Theocratic

    • Metaphysical

    • Positive

• NOT to be confused with logical __________

  • Ludwig Wittgenstein - Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

    • the only meaningful statements are those that are logically verifiable.

Pragmatism

• Ideas valued on their practical application (or “cash value”)

• William James - ____________

• John Dewey - Democracy and Education

• C. S. Peirce - “The Fixation of Belief” and “How to Make Our Ideas Clear.”

Utilitarianism

• Jeremy Bentham - early influential thinker

  • “greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.”

• John Stuart Mill - the title school of thought and On Liberty

  • Disciple of Bentham

• Maximize “utility“

  • Often defined as pleasure or happiness

Existentialism

• Focuses on the importance of leading an “authentic” life

• Most thinkers would not recognize or reject the label

• Jean-Paul Sartre

  • “________________ is a humanism.”

• Søren Kierkegaard - Either/Or

• Martin Heidegger - Being and Time

• Albert Camus - The Myth of Sisyphus

Socrates

• Proclaimed ignorance of all things

• Went around Athens engaging in Q&A sessions to and using the ______ method to draw out contradictions and reach truth

• Put on trial and sentenced to death by drinking hemlock for corrupting the city’s youth

• His trial, imprisonment and death are recorded in Apology, Crito, and Phaedo respectively

• Only have works from his student, Plato

Plato

• Symposium

  • about the nature of love

• Meno

  • about whether virtue can be taught

• Republic

  • about justice and the ideal city-state

• Believed in “forms” ideal abstract ideas of everything, beyond senses

  • Described in Phaedo

• Started the Academy

• Wrote the Socratic dialogues, our main source of Socrates’ philosophy

Aristotle

• Poetics

  • Describes types of drama

  • considers an effect of tragedies known as catharsis, or the purging of bad feelings.

• Nicomachean Ethics

  • Virtues exist in a “golden mean” between 2 extremes

• Physics

  • Motion and change exist in “four causes”

• Metaphysics

  • Describes the structure of reality

• Tutor to Alexander the Great

• His school was the Lyceum

Confucius

• His views on proper conduct and filial piety (respect for elders) influence China to this day

• Analects - his sayings compiled by his followers after his death

• Ren - the inner state that allows one to behave compassionately toward others

• li - which can help individuals attain ren.

• Also known as Kong Fu Zi

• From China’s Spring and Autumn period

Lao Tzu

• A quasi-mythical thinker of the Taoist tradition

• Tao te Ching is attributed to him

• Tao

  • “The way“

• Wu wei

  • a life of non-action in accordance with the Tao

• Given godlike status as one of Three Pure Ones of Taoism

• Aka Laozi

• Depicted as an old man with a donkey

• “The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.”

Diogenes

• Student of Antisthenes

  • Founded the thought school of Cynicism

• Comes from Greek for “dog-like”

• Rejected societal norms in search of a truly virtuous life

• Lived in a tub or barrel in the streets

• Wandered Athens holding a lamp in his futile search for an honest man.

• of Sinope

Epicurus

• Has a namesake school or thought

• Pleasure is the highest/only good

  • Reached by absence of pain (aponia)

• ataraxia - human tranquility

• Critics accused him of hedonism (self-indulgence) and making selfishness into a good

Zeno of Elea

• A student of Parmenides

• Founded the Eleatic school

• Most famous for his paradoxes such as

  • An arrow in flight

  • A race between Achilles and a tortoise

  • Attempt to show that physical movement is impossible since any attempt to travel a distance must be preceded by moving half that distance etc….

• Not be confused with ______ of Citium

  • Created Stoicism 2 centuries later

Thales

• Pre-Socratic thinker from Miletus

• Considered to be the “first philosopher”

• Believed first principle of all existence was water

• He was also was also a civil engineer and mathematician

  • Figured out triangle and circle logic stuff

• Founded “Milesian school” of thought

  • Followers include Anaximander and Anaximenes

Cicero

• Created ideal state in dialogues such as On the Republic and On the Laws

• Discussed Epicurean and Stoic views on religion in On the Nature of the Gods

• Considered one of the most important in the Middle Ages and Renaissance

• Saint Augustine turned to philosophy because of his now-lost work Hortensius

• Sometimes called Tully

• Notable in the politics of the Roman Republic

Miles Davis

• Played these styles:

  • cool jazz

  • modal jazz

  • hard bop

  • electronic jazz

  • jazz fusion

• Kind of Blue (1959)

  • First Great Quintet

    • John Coltrane

  • GOAT

  • “So What“

• Second Great Quintet

  • Herbie Hancock

  • Wayne Shorter

  • Recorded In a Silent Way

• heroin addiction

• Other albums: Sketches of Spain and Birth of the Cool.

• trumpeter

John Coltrane

• saxophonist

• Influential in

  • Hard bop

  • Modal Jazz

• Giant Steps

  • Title track chords move down major thirds

  • _________ changes

• Played with “sheets of sound.”

• His quartet usually included

  • McCoy Tyner on piano

  • Elvin Jones on drums

  • Made My Favorite Things

    • Title track is a cover of the Sound of Music song

• Religious awakening when recovering from heroin addiction

• A Love Supreme

  • He “narrates” the words to a poem with his sax

• Died at 40, became saint of African Orthodox Church

Louis Armstrong

• cornet and trumpet player

• Nicknamed “Satchmo” and “Pops.”

• Grew up in New Orleans

• Known for Dixieland style

• Played in bands with Kid Ory and King Oliver early on

• Made his group, “Hot Five”

  • Lil Hardin ____________ - wife and pianist

  • and Kid Ory

  • In recording of “Heebie Jeebies“ included him scat singing

• Notable vocal works - “What a Wonderful World” and “Hello, Dolly!”

• Trumpet work - “Potato Head Blues”

Charlie Parker

• alto saxophone virtuoso

• Helped create Bebop

  • fast tempo, rapid modulations, and thicker chords

• Nicknamed “Bird” or “Yardbird”

  • The story is disputed but a popular one is he was cooking and eating a chicken that had been hit by a bus

  • Referenced his nickname in many works such as

    • “Ornithology,”

    • “Yardbird Suite,”

    • “Bird Gets the Worm.”

• His recording of “Ko-Ko” has Miles Davis on trumpet

• “Blues for Alice”

  • Features an ii-V-I chord progression

  • Called the Bird blues or the Bird changes

• Died at the age of 34 due to a history of alcohol and drug abuse

Edward Kennedy Ellington

• Often collaborated with arranger Billy Strayhorn

  • Wrote “Take the ‘A’ Train” for him

• Also wrote “It Don’t Mean a Thing (If It Ain’t Got That Swing)”, “Mood Indigo”, “Prelude to a Kiss.”

• pianist and bandleader

• Preformed and popularized Juan Tizol’s track “Caravan.”

• Wrote the score for Anatomy of a Murder (1959)

Dave Brubeck

• pianist

• helped define cool jazz

• Had a namesake quartet

  • Had Paul Desmond (sax), Eugene Wright (bass), and Joe Morello (drums)

  • Recorded Time Out, which used non-traditional time signatures inspired by the folk music of Eastern Europe and Asia

    • Best known track on the album is “Take Five,” which uses a 5/4 time signature

• Explored more odd time signatures in Time Further Out (1961) and Time Changes (1964).

• “Blue Rondo a la Turk” subdivides 9/8 into a “2+2+2+3” grouping

Benny Goodman

• clarinetist

• nicknamed the “King of Swing”

• More of a performer and bandleader than a composer

• His orchestra’s signature tune is Louis Prima’s “Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)”

  • The most famous recording is a drum solo by Gene Krupa.

• Landmark concert at New York’s Carnegie Hall the first time a jazz band had ever played in the venue

• Not only a jazz musician

• Leonard Bernstein’s work Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs

• He commissioned Aaron Copland’s Clarinet Concerto

John Birks Gillespie

• Nicknamed “Dizzy”

• a trumpet player

• important in Bebop

• Known for his trumpet with it’s bell bent upward

• Known for playing with puffed-out cheeks

• “Salt Peanuts”

  • Has him yelling the title scat lyrics during the tune

• “A Night in Tunisia”

• “Groovin’ High”

• “Manteca”

  • co-written with percussionist Chano Pozo

  • important in Afro-Cuban jazz

Charles Mingus

• His compositions often include lots of free improvisation

• In his album _________ Ah Um

  • “Fables of Faubus” protesting Arkansas governor Orval Faubus’s refusal to integrate schools

    • Columbia Records refused to allow the lyrics to be included on the album

• Album The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady originally meant as a ballet

• Near the end of his life ALS, leaving him unable to preform

• Most influential double bass player in jazz

Buddy Rich

• A drummer and big band leader

• “Near perfect playing technique“

• Did not read music; he learned completely by ear.

• Did not form his own big band until the mid-1960s

• Played with others like Count Basie, Charlie Parker, and Artie Shaw

• Often engaged in “drum battles”, notably against Gene Krupa and Max Roach

  • Appeared on The Muppets to drum battle Animal

• Mercy, Mercy

  • A reference to the Cannonball Adderley hit “Mercy, Mercy, Mercy”

• Big Band Machine

  • included a version of the West Side Story melody that was one of his signature pieces.

Heracles

• Nessus, a centaur, orchestrated his downfall via a poisoned shirt given by his wife, Deianira.

• Despite mortality, achieved divine status and wed Hebe, the goddess of youth.

• Born to Alcmene and Zeus, sparking enduring enmity with Zeus's wife Hera.

• Some acts included defeating the indomitable Nemean Lion, vanquishing the regenerating Lernaean Hydra, cleansing the Augean stables in a single day, and capturing Cerberus from the Underworld.

• In penance, served King Eurystheus for a decade and accomplished twelve renowned labors.

• Hera's curse led to a temporary madness, resulting in the tragic demise of his wife Megara and their children.

Theseus

• A prince of Athens, believed to be both the son of King Aegeus and the son of Poseidon.

• Raised by his mother Aethra in Troezen, he embarked on a journey back to Athens as a young man.

• Along the way, he vanquished six adversaries, including notorious bandits Sinis, Sciron, and Procrustes.

• Tasked by Medea to slay the Marathonian Bull, he later volunteered to confront the Minotaur in Crete.

• Armed with a thread provided by King Minos's daughter, Ariadne, Theseus navigated the Labyrinth and defeated the Minotaur.

• He fled Crete with Ariadne but abandoned her on Naxos.

• Returning to Athens, forgetting to replace the black sails, led his father, King Aegeus, to believe him dead and commit suicide.

Perseus

• A son of Danaë and Zeus, whose grandfather, King Acrisius of Argos, feared a prophecy that his grandson would kill him.

• To avert the prophecy, Acrisius banished Danaë and her son by setting them adrift at sea.

• Raised on Seriphos, they encountered King Polydectes, who sought to marry Danaë unless he could retrieve the head of the gorgon Medusa.

• Using assistance from the three Graeae sisters, the task was fulfilled: acquiring the head of the gorgon Medusa using Hermes’s winged sandals, Hades Helm of Invisibility, and a mirrored shield from Athena.

• The head of Medusa also played a role in rescuing the Ethiopian princess Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus.

• Polydectes's demise followed, and later, during an athletic event, he flung a discus, killing Acrisius thus the prophecy was fulfilled.

Jason

• His father, Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos, was ousted by his Brother Pelias.

• With the assistance of Medea, the challenger completed the tasks, including subduing fire-breathing Bulls of Colchis, sowing the ground with dragon teeth and defeating the Spartoi warriors that came from the teeth, then overcoming the dragon guarding the fleece.

• Later, he left Medea for the Corinthian princess Glauce, which resulted in Medea killing Glauce and her kids with him.

• Upon return to Iolcos, Pelias was killed, leading to exile in Corinth.

• Hera's disapproval followed, leading to a sorrowful demise.

• Pelias promised kingship to him if he could retrieve the Golden Fleece from Colchis.

• The quest, named after their ship Argo, was undertaken by a crew of heroes called the Argonauts.

• In Colchis, King Aeëtes tasked the challenger with daunting feats to obtain the Fleece.

Achilles

• A legendary Greek warrior, son of King Peleus and the Nereid Thetis, was a key figure in the Trojan War.

• Thetis attempted to keep the warrior out of the war by disguising him as a girl, but Odysseus exposed the deception.

• The warrior withdrew from the conflict after Agamemnon seized his concubine Briseis.

• His friend and lover Patroclus donned his armor and led his Myrmidon warriors into battle

• Following the death of his close friend Patroclus at the hands of Hector, the warrior's rage led to significant Trojan casualties, including Hector.

• Was eventually killed by the Trojan Prince Paris

Odysseus

• A king of Ithaca and a prominent Greek leader during the Trojan War.

• Initially attempted to evade participation in the war by pretending insanity, but was exposed by Palamedes when he put this man’s son Telemachus in front of a plow

• Credited with proposing the idea of the Trojan Horse.

• His journey back home after the war is the central theme of a greek epic poem.

• Faced various challenges, including blinding the cyclops Polyphemus and overcoming the sorceress Circe.

• Spent several years with the sea nymph Calypso before returning to Ithaca.

• Disguised during his return, he found his wife Penelope was being harassed by suitors who believed him dead. Penelope proposed an archery contest. He then revealed his true identity and killed Penelope's suitors.

• Ultimately, joyfully reunited with his wife Penelope after confirming his identity.

Diomedes

• A king of Argos, renowned for his martial prowess during the Trojan War.

• His father, Tydeus, was killed during a rebellion of the Seven Against Thebes leading to the sack of Thebes by this man and the other Epigoni (the sons of the seven).

• Participated in a daring night raid on the Trojan camp alongside Odysseus.

• Engaged in an exchange of armor with a Trojan warrior named Glaucus, discovering their familial connection.

• Notably injured both Ares and Aphrodite during the war, a rare feat for a mortal.

• Played a significant role in founding many cities in Italy after the war.

Ajax the Great

• A powerful Greek warrior during the Trojan War.

• Engaged in a battle with Hector, resulting in a draw and gave him a purple sash.

• Competed for Achilles's armor but was unsuccessful.

• Succumbed to rage and madness, leading to the mistaken slaughter of a herd of sheep.

• Overwhelmed with shame, he committed suicide.

• Fought with a massive shield made of cow-hide and bronze, protecting his half-brother Teucer, an archer.

Bellerophon

• A demigod son of Poseidon encountered adversity after Queen Stheneboea's rejected advances.

• Falsely accused, he was sent on a perilous quest by King Iobates to defeat the Chimera.

• With aid from Athena, who provided a golden bridle, he tamed the flying horse Pegasus.

• Confronting the Chimera, he defeated it with a spear tipped with a block of lead.

• His excessive pride led to an attempt to ascend Mount Olympus on Pegasus, and Zeus sent a gadfly to sting Pegasus

• As a consequence, he fell and was blinded, spending his remaining days wandering in misery.

Atalanta

• Abandoned at birth due to her father's preference for a son, raised by bears, and became a skilled hunter.

• Played a significant role in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar, drawing first blood and receiving its hide from Meleager.

• Recognized by her father afterward, he arranged a marriage for her despite a prophecy warning against it.

• Agreed to marry only the man who could beat her in a race, with losers facing death.

• Melanion, aided by Aphrodite, won the race using three golden apples to distract her.

• After their union, the couple was transformed into lions by the gods as punishment for having sex in Zeus's temple.

Shang

• First Chinese dynasty with written records

• Archaeological excavations at Yin, near Anyang: Uncovered remains of a Chinese Bronze Age civilization

• Had writings on "oracle bones": Cracks on heated ox bone or turtle shell foretold the future

Zhou

• Chariot warriors who overthrew the Shang dynasty

• Ruled for 800 years, but power mostly in the hands of feudal lords

• Capital sacked by barbarians in 771 BC

• Eastern ______ and Spring and Autumn Period begins (771 BC - 476 BC)

• Hundred Schools of Thought, including Confucianism, flourish

• Sun Tzu writes Art of War

• Warring States period begins (476 BC - 221 BC)

• Power divided among seven feudal states

• State of Qin becomes powerful enough to unify China

Qin

• Origin of many institutions in Imperial China

• ______ Shi Huangdi, the founding emperor, destroyed many Confucian texts in his infamous book-burning

• Standardized weight measurements and unified Chinese script

• Used conscripts to build the Great Wall

• After his death, the suicide of the crown prince led to Incompetent rule and revolts led to the collapse of the Dynasty

Han

• Its founder, Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu), was born a peasant

• Resourceful recruitment of talented followers and strategic violation of the ceasefire agreement with his rival Xiang Yu

• Managed to reunite China and established his capital at Chang’an (modern Xi’an)

• Instability early on was caused by the nomadic Xiongnu, dealt with by the seventh emperor, Wudi. Emperor Wu.

• Wudi then expanded China’s frontiers and formalized China’s bureaucracy.

• Sent envoys like Zhang Qian to central Asia and made Confucianism the official state doctrine.

• He also drained the treasury, causing successors to be unable to maintain the land

• Followed by poor rulers until the Wang family, led by Wang Mang, ended this dynasty

• Tried to establish Xin dynasty to restore the Zhou, failed because of drastic change in the yellow river which caused peasant protest movements like Red Eyebrows

• Liu Xiu restored this dynasty, capital at Luoyang, and established the Eastern of this dynasty.

• Following rebellions included Yellow Turbans and Five Pecks of Rice caused the end.

• The majority ethnic group in China is still called this

• Considered a golden age of Chinese civilization

Three Kingdoms

• From the Han Dynasty collapsing into the Cao Wei north of the Yangtze, Eastern Wu in the lower Yangtze, and Shu Han in the Sichuan region.

• The Battle of Red Cliffs fought during this period

• Under the leadership of the Sima family Cao Wei managed to defeat the other two.

• Then China went through the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties

• had large cultural impact due to the classic Chinese novel Romance of _________

Tang

• Important poets such as Li Bai (Li Po) and Du Fu and the printing press was invented

• China reunited after the short-lived Sui dynasty

• Ruled by the Li family with it’s capital at Chang’an (Xi’an)

• Ruled by Emperor Gaozu who was forced by his second son, Li Shimin (later Emperor Taizong) to abdicate after Li Shimin killed two of his brothers in an ambush

• Taizong is considered one of the greatest rulers in Chinese history

• Taking over most of what is now Western China and parts of central Asia

• After his death, power came to Empress Wu (Wu Zetian)

• She called her rule the “Second Zhou dynasty.” and was a large supporter of Buddism and promoted the imperial examination.

• During the rule of Emperor Xuanzong the An Lushan rebellion (also called the An Shi rebellion) ruined this dynasty

• The An Lushan rebellion gave power to regional military overlords.

• Came to a tumultuous end in 907 that marked the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

• Considered another golden age of China

Song

• Gunpowder and the compass were invented

• Couldn’t rule all of China so they gave Northern China to the “barbarian” Liao dynasty, paying tribute for peace

• First ruled by Taizu, who forced all of his major commanders to retire, introducing the dominance of the scholarly elite over the military elite

• The northern Liao dynasty was replaced with the militaristic Jin dynasty, which took over the capital of this dynasty, Kaifeng

• The remaining court fled across the Yangtze and established the Southern _______ with a new capital at Hangzhou.

• This dynasty then aided the Mongols in crushing the Jin and then repelled the Mongols for almost 40 years.

• Established Neo-Confucianism as state doctrine, with the imperial examination as the primary way of recruiting talent.

• Known for its devotion to cultural activities instead of warfare

Yuan

• Short-lived, lasting less than 100 years

• Established by the Mongols, destroying the Song and Jin states.

• Most notable ruler was Kublai Khan, who attempted to invade Japan, but was stopped by typhoons, called by the Japanese kamikaze (“divine wind“)

• Very hostile to the people

• Red Turban Rebellion marked the beginning of the end

Ming

• Rulers came from the Zhu family

• Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu) a peasant leader of the Red Turbans, who expelled the Mongol Yuan rulers from China.

• Succeeded by his grandson, who quickly lost power to Zhu Di (Emperor Yongle)

• The eunuch Zheng He led treasure fleets on seven voyages to display Chinese greatness

• China’s capital was moved to Beijing

• After Zhu Di’s death, the dynasty banned maritime commerce, leaving them vulnerable to pirates

• Ended after the rebellion of Li Zicheng caused by little government response to inflation, famine, and floods

• The Manchu people, from Northeast China in what is now Manchuria, marched on the Great Wall and eventually took power in Beijing

• The last native dynasty of China

• China as a name for fine porcelain originated from this period, as they were known for high-quality porcelain

Qing

• Established the banner system which acted as a guaranteed welfare system and gave them benefits in the imperial examination, (two mirrored positions, one for the Han Chinese and one for the Manchu)

• Foundations established under the second ruler, Kangxi Emperor, who put downj the Revolt of the Three Feudatories

• Known for Kangxi dictionary, which popularized the system of Chinese radicals.

• Had the Opium wars against Britian and internal conflict like the Taiping Rebellion

• Attempted to modernize with the Self-Strengthening Movement and the Hundred Days’ Reform but failed

• Dowager Express Cixi, who opposed the reformers, was implicated in the Boxer Rebellion, which caused international intervention.

• Last emperor was Puyi, who came to the throne at 2 in 1906.

• The Chinese Dynasties ended in 1911 due to the Xinhai Revolution

• Established by the invading Manchus last dynasty to rule imperial China.

Focault

• Cited as a a structuralist and postmodernist, but rejected those labels

• Tutored by Jean Hyppolite and Louis Althusser

• Influenced by Freud, Nietzsche

• Frequently criticized Sartre

• Wrote about power and knowledge

• A notable figure in the formation of queer theory

• Died in Paris from complications of HIV/AIDS

• Discipline and Punish (1975)

• The History of Sexuality (1976)

• The Order of Things

• Attempted suicide several times, praising suicide in later writings.

• Reckless Gay French Philosopher

Fauvism

• Art style that emphasized painterly qualities, strong color, simplification and abstraction

• Lead by André Derain and Henri Matisse.

• Notable works include, Notre-Dame at the end of the Afternoon, Portrait of Madame Matisse (The Green Stripe), The River Seine at Chatou, Paysage coloré aux oiseaux aquatiques.

Cubism

• Early-20th-century avant-garde art movement

• Largely done by artists Braque, Gris, and Léger

• Included abstractions of mostly portraits

• Notable works include:

  • Three Musicians

  • _____ Landscape

  • The Young Ladies of Avignon

• Made of geometric shapes making up a subject

• Popularized by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque

Impressionism

• 19th-century French art movement identified by small, thick brush strokes to capture more of the essence of a subject.

• Has ordinary subject matter depicted from unusual angles

• Has minimal blending

• Notable works include:

  • Dancer Taking a Bow

  • The Fighting Temeraire

  • Woman with a Parasol

• The name of this is derived from the name of a Monet painting of this style.

• Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille met and helped found this movement.

Neo-Impressionism

• Coined by French art critic Félix Fénéon to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat

• Arguably the first true avant-garde movement in painting.

• Tried to base the technique on science; by painting tiny dabs of primary colors close to each other to portray lighter colors.

• More precise and geometric shapes

• Light and darkness were fundamental aspects of the art.

• Also led by Camille Pissarro, Paul Signac

• Notable pieces include:

  • A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

  • The Beach at Heist

  • The Evening Air

  • Les cyprès à Cagnes

Expressionism

• Modernist movement, mostly in poetry and art

• An avant-garde style originated in Germany

• Only truly defined as distorting reality to a subjective view to evoke emotions or ideas.

• Inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche, Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh, James Ensor, and Sigmund Freud.

• Famous artists include the German groups Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke. Francis Bacon, Max Kaus, Alvar Cawén, Franz Marc.

• Notable pieces include:

  • Lady in a Green Jacket

  • Fighting Forms

  • Self-Portrait as a Soldier

  • The Scream

Surrealism

• Art and cultural movements developed in Europe post-WW2

• Aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself

• Pieces feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions, and non sequitur.

• Associated with communism and anarchism.

• First coined by Guillaume Apollinaire

• Some artists include Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Francis Picabia, Yves Tanguy, and Salvador Dalí

• Hit a golden age in the 1930s

• Notable works include:

  • The Treachery of Images

  • The Elephant Celebes

  • Indefinite Divisibility

  • The Persistence of Memory

• Heavily inspired by dadaism

Dada

• An early 20th-century art movement that originated in Germany and Switzerland but flourished in France

• Made by artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society

• Associated with radical politics on the left-wing and far-left politics.

• Prefaced by the anti-art movement

• Some artists include Marcel Duchamp, Hans Richter, Otto Dix, Hugo Ball, Hans Richter and Johannes Baader.

• Created Collage, Cut-up technique, and Assemblage

Futurism

• An artistic and social movement originated in Italy

• It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as cars and airplanes.

• Artworks are very colorful and abstractions of scenes

• Key figures include Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Fortunato Depero, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Luigi Russolo

• Famous works include:

  • Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin

  • The City Rises

  • Dynamism of a Cyclist

  • Battle of Lights, Coney Island