unit 5 cognition memory thinking and learning test study guide

what is savant syndrome

when a person demonstrates one or more profound and prodigious capacities/abilities far then what is seen as normal but lacks in other areas of the brain

→ book smart but no comment sense

What is stereotype threat and how can it affect testing

self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. it can impair performance

How do selective attention and divided attention differ

DA requires more automatic processing than selective attention does.

DA is like juggling balls at once, where each ball represents a task that requires automatic processing

SA is like focusing on one ball at a time

compare and contrast how convergent and divergent thinkers solve problems

Convergent thinkers → narrow down multiple ideas into one solution

Divergent Thinkers→ expand beyond that and generate multiple ideas in order to approach something

Both arrive to the solution by using the best approach

What is priming

occurs when, after bring exposed to a stimulus an individual unconsciously is more likely to be able to recall that same stimulus

EX: researchers asks participants to identify green shapes presented on a video screen. Participants correctly identify green objects more quickly than objects of a different color

Define phonemes

phonemes are the smallest distinctive units of sound

→ “P” in Party and “ng” in ping are both phonemes

Define morphemes

Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning

→ walk is changed to walked, the suffix ed is a morpheme

what are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort

Hueristics

explain the term iconic memory

records and stores visual information. retention of a brief visual image for a fraction of a second so that a person can keep track of an experience from moment to Moment

→ when you check your phone, put in in your pocket and forget the time

what is hueristic

a problem solving strategy that applies a general rule of thumb/shortcut to reduce the number of positive solutions

Availibity heuristics ?

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given persons mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, decision

→ name a phone type: most people would say apple

representative huerstics ?

estimate of the likelihood of an event based on well it matches a typical example

→ when people assume that in a marriage men are the breadwinners

define prototype and give an example

hypothetical “most typical” instance )or best example) of a particular concept or category. it can very among people

→ a car would be the prototypical of a vehicle

What is the serial position effect

when items are presented in a list, we remember best the items at the start and end but the items in the middle will be the worst to remember

Compare and contrast primary and recency effect

Both are better remember in a list

PE: information at the beginning of the list

RE: information at the end of the list

What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggest about the relationship between thinking and language

suggests that the particular language someone speaks influences the way one thinks about reality

What is the difference between procedural somatic and episodic memory

PM: Stores information about how to do something → how to ride a bike

SM: memories of general knowledge/facts → grammar, words, dates

EM: episodes in your life → 8th grade graduation, covid era

Define algorithm and give an example

logical, step by step procedure that if followed correctly will eventually solve a specific problem … it guarantees a solution to a problem

→ solve a physics question, bake a cake

What is functional fixedness

tendency to think of an object as functioning only in its usual or customary way

→ hammering nails in using a wrench

What are the three stages of the Atkinson Shiffrin process of memory and what is the name of the theory

1) sensory memory 2) short term memory 3) long term memory

known as Atkinson chiffon information processing model of memory

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory

attention

What is the difference between recall and re-cognition

recall: the use of a general cue to retrieve a memory

recognition: the use of a specific cue to retrieve a memory

What is the difference between free recall and cued recall

free recall: recalling events in any order of occurrence

→ morning routine was wake up brush teeth get changes and eat but you might not remember it exactly in this order

cued recall: facilitated with the presence of an external memory cue. think of it like hint that unlocked a memory

→ the smell of cocoa reminds you of X-Mas

What is state dependent memory

when you are able to remember memories because you are in the same state when the past event initially happened

→ when you got inured you remember the last time you got injured

What is a context dependent effect

the idea you are more likely to retrieve memories that are similar to the mood you are currently experiencing

→ when you are sad you remember sad events

What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference

RI: NEW memories disrupt the retrieval and maintenance of OLD memories

→ learn Spanish, learn English but English interferes with recall of Spanish words

PI: OLD memories disrupt the retrieval of NEW memories

→ learn Spanish, learning English but Spanish interferes with recall of English

What is metacognition

thinking about thinking

→ planning on how to approach a learning task

Explain how rehearsal works in the process of memory

repeating information over and over in order to get the information processed and stored as a memory

→ flashcards

What are subordinate and super ordinate categories

subordinate categories are specialty categories that satisfy the more general characteristics of the subordinate categories

super ordinate categories are categories that are more superordinate than the basic level category

What is anterograde amnesia

people who are unable to form new memories

→ athlete who suffers a concussion and doesn’t remember being examined by the trainer after the injury but remembered everything that happens before

what is the name of the effect that explains the tendency for an individual to have improved recall for information that personally relates to their life called

self reference effect

What is failure to encode what causes it and what are the consequence

occurs when poorly encoded information is passed from the STM to the LTM, divided attention causes it. Consequence: doesn’t remember the memory

Which theory states that memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened

theory of long term potentiation

What are grammatical rules for putting words in correct order

Syntax

according to craik and tilak which type of word processing - visual, acoustics, or semantic- results in the greatest retention

semantic

the number of correct responses on an intelligence test is meaningless without what

standardization

what part of the brain do neuroscientists suggest is responsible for an infantile amnesia

hippocampus

who is ebbinghaus

German psychologist who conducted pioneering research on forgetting

what did ebbinghaus discover

the forgetting curve

what is the category of objects action events or states of being that share common features

concepts

what principles are used for combining words to form phrases classes or sentences

syntactical rules

what is a script

type of schema that involves the typical sequence of a behavior expected at an everyday event

what are examples of scripts

going to a restaurant

→ waiting to be seated, talk with waitress, eat, pay, leave

crystalized intelligence

increase with age

fluid intelligence

declines with age

IQ has traditionally been based on the relationship between an indivuals mental age and what other factor

chronological age

what was terman’s contribution to intelligence testing

devise test for use in the US known as the stanford Binet intelligence scale

what was generally true of participants in lewis Germans longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children

they tend to do well and be well adjusted in later life

what is reliability

test most produce consisted results when it is administered on repeated occasions

split half reliability

measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured

test retest reliability

measures the stability of a test over time

what is validity

what the test is supposed to measure or predict

content validity

the extent a test measures a patellar behavior/trait

construct validity

used to asses the extent to which the items of an intelligence test measures a persons intelligence

predictive validity

refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait

criterion related validity

evaluates how accurate a test measures the outcomes it was designed to measure

face validity

simple form of validity in which researchers determines if the test seems to measure what is intended to measure

in order to be valid, what else must a test be

reliable

what did Charles spearman call a general intelligence

simple underlying factor/g factor

how did spearman define simple underlying factor

general intelligence that underlines success on a wide variety of tasks

in a normal distribution what percentage of people falls between one standard deviation above and one deviation below the mean

68%

define and give an example of an achievement test

measures what a person has already learned in prior training

→ ap test

define aptitude test

designed to measure future performance

what evidence is cited to support the idea that intelligence is in part inherited

studies of identical twins

what evidence provides the strongest evidence of environments role in intelligence

studies of identical twins reared separately

the test created by alfred Binet was designed specifically to measure what and In whom

predict school performance in children

on indivuals test such as the strand ford binet and wechsler scale what does an iq of 100 indicate about the test taker

scored at the average level for the same age group

what is a self fulfilling prophecy

occurs when a persons expectations of another person leads that person to behave in the expected way

what are 4 reasons for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests

allows comparisons, reduce the possible effects of extraneous variables, increase validity/ reliability, and increase objectivity of the scoring procedures

what is the bell shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population cited

normal distribution

what is emotional intelligence

ability to perceive understand and use emotions.

Low EI → no empathy, bad social skills

High El → good social skills, manages conflicts well, and great empathy

according to stern berg which types of intelligence are included in his triarchic theory

analytical, creative practical intelligence

Alalyitcal intelligence

logical reasoning skills with analysis evaluation and comparison

creative intelligence

imaginative skills that include developing new inventions and seeing new relationships

practical intelligence

street smart skills that includes coping with people and events

what is a cultural bias in intelligence testing

factors that interfere with the results of intelligence test across cultural groups

what is a culture fair test

ongoing debate exists regarding the possibility of constructing IQ test

what is the Flynn effect

intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average 27 points every 10 YEARS

what do most psychologists believe is the cause of racial gaps in test scores

environmental factors

how do current intelligence tests compute an indivuals intelligence score

by comparing the amount by which the test takers performance deviates from the average performance of others in the same age

what is the main idea behind Howard garners theory of intelligence

supports the idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms

in order to score high on a test creativity , a persons answers should be ____ and ____

valuable and original

deep processing

creates more durable memories that can be recalled easier

shallow processing

processing information without much attention to detail

both shallow and deep processing use

encoding

what is another name for working memory

short term memory

what is the capacity of short term memory

7+ or -minus 2

how does interference impact stm

high susceptible to interference. rewrites some of the memory