Studied by 2 people
what is savant syndrome
when a person demonstrates one or more profound and prodigious capacities/abilities far then what is seen as normal but lacks in other areas of the brain
→ book smart but no comment sense
What is stereotype threat and how can it affect testing
self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. it can impair performance
How do selective attention and divided attention differ
DA requires more automatic processing than selective attention does.
DA is like juggling balls at once, where each ball represents a task that requires automatic processing
SA is like focusing on one ball at a time
compare and contrast how convergent and divergent thinkers solve problems
Convergent thinkers → narrow down multiple ideas into one solution
Divergent Thinkers→ expand beyond that and generate multiple ideas in order to approach something
Both arrive to the solution by using the best approach
What is priming
occurs when, after bring exposed to a stimulus an individual unconsciously is more likely to be able to recall that same stimulus
EX: researchers asks participants to identify green shapes presented on a video screen. Participants correctly identify green objects more quickly than objects of a different color
Define phonemes
phonemes are the smallest distinctive units of sound
→ “P” in Party and “ng” in ping are both phonemes
Define morphemes
Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning
→ walk is changed to walked, the suffix ed is a morpheme
what are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort
Hueristics
explain the term iconic memory
records and stores visual information. retention of a brief visual image for a fraction of a second so that a person can keep track of an experience from moment to Moment
→ when you check your phone, put in in your pocket and forget the time
what is hueristic
a problem solving strategy that applies a general rule of thumb/shortcut to reduce the number of positive solutions
Availibity heuristics ?
mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given persons mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, decision
→ name a phone type: most people would say apple
representative huerstics ?
estimate of the likelihood of an event based on well it matches a typical example
→ when people assume that in a marriage men are the breadwinners
define prototype and give an example
hypothetical “most typical” instance )or best example) of a particular concept or category. it can very among people
→ a car would be the prototypical of a vehicle
What is the serial position effect
when items are presented in a list, we remember best the items at the start and end but the items in the middle will be the worst to remember
Compare and contrast primary and recency effect
Both are better remember in a list
PE: information at the beginning of the list
RE: information at the end of the list
What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggest about the relationship between thinking and language
suggests that the particular language someone speaks influences the way one thinks about reality
What is the difference between procedural somatic and episodic memory
PM: Stores information about how to do something → how to ride a bike
SM: memories of general knowledge/facts → grammar, words, dates
EM: episodes in your life → 8th grade graduation, covid era
Define algorithm and give an example
logical, step by step procedure that if followed correctly will eventually solve a specific problem … it guarantees a solution to a problem
→ solve a physics question, bake a cake
What is functional fixedness
tendency to think of an object as functioning only in its usual or customary way
→ hammering nails in using a wrench
What are the three stages of the Atkinson Shiffrin process of memory and what is the name of the theory
1) sensory memory 2) short term memory 3) long term memory
known as Atkinson chiffon information processing model of memory
Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory
attention
What is the difference between recall and re-cognition
recall: the use of a general cue to retrieve a memory
recognition: the use of a specific cue to retrieve a memory
What is the difference between free recall and cued recall
free recall: recalling events in any order of occurrence
→ morning routine was wake up brush teeth get changes and eat but you might not remember it exactly in this order
cued recall: facilitated with the presence of an external memory cue. think of it like hint that unlocked a memory
→ the smell of cocoa reminds you of X-Mas
What is state dependent memory
when you are able to remember memories because you are in the same state when the past event initially happened
→ when you got inured you remember the last time you got injured
What is a context dependent effect
the idea you are more likely to retrieve memories that are similar to the mood you are currently experiencing
→ when you are sad you remember sad events
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference
RI: NEW memories disrupt the retrieval and maintenance of OLD memories
→ learn Spanish, learn English but English interferes with recall of Spanish words
PI: OLD memories disrupt the retrieval of NEW memories
→ learn Spanish, learning English but Spanish interferes with recall of English
What is metacognition
thinking about thinking
→ planning on how to approach a learning task
Explain how rehearsal works in the process of memory
repeating information over and over in order to get the information processed and stored as a memory
→ flashcards
What are subordinate and super ordinate categories
subordinate categories are specialty categories that satisfy the more general characteristics of the subordinate categories
super ordinate categories are categories that are more superordinate than the basic level category
What is anterograde amnesia
people who are unable to form new memories
→ athlete who suffers a concussion and doesn’t remember being examined by the trainer after the injury but remembered everything that happens before
what is the name of the effect that explains the tendency for an individual to have improved recall for information that personally relates to their life called
self reference effect
What is failure to encode what causes it and what are the consequence
occurs when poorly encoded information is passed from the STM to the LTM, divided attention causes it. Consequence: doesn’t remember the memory
Which theory states that memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened
theory of long term potentiation
What are grammatical rules for putting words in correct order
Syntax
according to craik and tilak which type of word processing - visual, acoustics, or semantic- results in the greatest retention
semantic
the number of correct responses on an intelligence test is meaningless without what
standardization
what part of the brain do neuroscientists suggest is responsible for an infantile amnesia
hippocampus
who is ebbinghaus
German psychologist who conducted pioneering research on forgetting
what did ebbinghaus discover
the forgetting curve
what is the category of objects action events or states of being that share common features
concepts
what principles are used for combining words to form phrases classes or sentences
syntactical rules
what is a script
type of schema that involves the typical sequence of a behavior expected at an everyday event
what are examples of scripts
going to a restaurant
→ waiting to be seated, talk with waitress, eat, pay, leave
crystalized intelligence
increase with age
fluid intelligence
declines with age
IQ has traditionally been based on the relationship between an indivuals mental age and what other factor
chronological age
what was terman’s contribution to intelligence testing
devise test for use in the US known as the stanford Binet intelligence scale
what was generally true of participants in lewis Germans longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children
they tend to do well and be well adjusted in later life
what is reliability
test most produce consisted results when it is administered on repeated occasions
split half reliability
measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured
test retest reliability
measures the stability of a test over time
what is validity
what the test is supposed to measure or predict
content validity
the extent a test measures a patellar behavior/trait
construct validity
used to asses the extent to which the items of an intelligence test measures a persons intelligence
predictive validity
refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
criterion related validity
evaluates how accurate a test measures the outcomes it was designed to measure
face validity
simple form of validity in which researchers determines if the test seems to measure what is intended to measure
in order to be valid, what else must a test be
reliable
what did Charles spearman call a general intelligence
simple underlying factor/g factor
how did spearman define simple underlying factor
general intelligence that underlines success on a wide variety of tasks
in a normal distribution what percentage of people falls between one standard deviation above and one deviation below the mean
68%
define and give an example of an achievement test
measures what a person has already learned in prior training
→ ap test
define aptitude test
designed to measure future performance
what evidence is cited to support the idea that intelligence is in part inherited
studies of identical twins
what evidence provides the strongest evidence of environments role in intelligence
studies of identical twins reared separately
the test created by alfred Binet was designed specifically to measure what and In whom
predict school performance in children
on indivuals test such as the strand ford binet and wechsler scale what does an iq of 100 indicate about the test taker
scored at the average level for the same age group
what is a self fulfilling prophecy
occurs when a persons expectations of another person leads that person to behave in the expected way
what are 4 reasons for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests
allows comparisons, reduce the possible effects of extraneous variables, increase validity/ reliability, and increase objectivity of the scoring procedures
what is the bell shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population cited
normal distribution
what is emotional intelligence
ability to perceive understand and use emotions.
Low EI → no empathy, bad social skills
High El → good social skills, manages conflicts well, and great empathy
according to stern berg which types of intelligence are included in his triarchic theory
analytical, creative practical intelligence
Alalyitcal intelligence
logical reasoning skills with analysis evaluation and comparison
creative intelligence
imaginative skills that include developing new inventions and seeing new relationships
practical intelligence
street smart skills that includes coping with people and events
what is a cultural bias in intelligence testing
factors that interfere with the results of intelligence test across cultural groups
what is a culture fair test
ongoing debate exists regarding the possibility of constructing IQ test
what is the Flynn effect
intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average 27 points every 10 YEARS
what do most psychologists believe is the cause of racial gaps in test scores
environmental factors
how do current intelligence tests compute an indivuals intelligence score
by comparing the amount by which the test takers performance deviates from the average performance of others in the same age
what is the main idea behind Howard garners theory of intelligence
supports the idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms
in order to score high on a test creativity , a persons answers should be ____ and ____
valuable and original
deep processing
creates more durable memories that can be recalled easier
shallow processing
processing information without much attention to detail
both shallow and deep processing use
encoding
what is another name for working memory
short term memory
what is the capacity of short term memory
7+ or -minus 2
how does interference impact stm
high susceptible to interference. rewrites some of the memory
Note 
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