Protestant Reformation to Age of Imperialism

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms from the Protestant Reformation through the Age of Imperialism.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 1500s that split the Catholic Church and led to new Christian denominations due to a desire to change and fix problems within the church.

Causes of the Reformation

Political: Pope and Emperor lost government control; Economic: Resentment over tithe & wealth of church; Social: Secular & Christian humanist thought; Religious: Church corruption.

Indulgences

Pardon for a sin; the Catholic Church came up with a concept of paying to get rid of sins instead of repenting.

Purgatory

In between heaven and hell, where souls go to work off their sins.

Martin Luther

A German Monk criticized the church for selling indulgences and believed that the only person who could absolve your sins is yourself.

95 Theses

A document written by Martin Luther, posted on October 31st, 1517, criticizing the sale of indulgences.

Luther’s Teaching

Salvation only by faith of God’s forgiveness; Church teachings should only be based on the Bible; People of faith are all equal; Individual interpretation of the Bible; 2 Holy Sacraments: baptism & communion.

Edict of Worms

A formal document issued by Emperor Charles V that accused Martin Luther of heresy.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty that states that the princes cannot leave the empire, but with freedom of religion.

Impacts of Reformation

Catholic Church became more unified after Counter Reformation; New Christian denominations flourished; Catholic churches political authority declined; Discrimination dies down between Jews and Protestants; Led to the Age of Enlightenment.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the King to be the head of the Church; England became Protestant.

English Reformation

King Henry VIII broke England away from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage.

Magna Carta

Intention to limit the power of the king.

Divine Right

The god-given right to rule; this concept became popular after people wouldn't question the worth of a King.

King James Bible

The bible written by King James I, a narcissist who genuinely believed he had a divine right to rule England.

Petition of Right

Magna Carta 2.0; seeks to minimize the power of the monarch.

Habeas corpus

Refers to your right to know what you're being arrested for and gives you a trial by jury; passed by Charles II.

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless revolution; Parliament passed the Bill of Rights creating a constitutional monarchy in England.

Enlightenment

Also known as the Age of Reason; explanation, logic, valid; people no longer turned to the bible for answers.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed that people are selfish by nature and should hand over their rights to their government.

John Locke

Believed that people can self-govern themselves and have natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

Voltaire

Advocated for freedom of speech and religion; promoted tolerance and separation of church and state.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Advocated for individual freedom; believed people are good but society corrupts them; government must have the consent of the people.

Baron de Montesquieu

Proposed a separation of power: Judicial, Executive, and Legislative.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Believed women deserved a better education and freedom of equality; early feminist.

Cesare Beccaria

Believed laws existed to maintain social order and criticized abuses of the judicial system; opposed torture.

Adam Smith

Disputed mercantilism and advocated for economic freedom; supported laissez faire and capitalism.

Sovereignty

The right and power of a person or nation to rule themselves; independance, autonomous.

Salutary Neglect

British policy from the mid 1600s through the mid 1700s in which trade regulations were laxly enforced and supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose.

Sugar Act

Taxed imported raw sugar, molasses, silk, wine, coffee, and indigo; assigned customs officers and prosecuted smugglers.

Quartering Act

Colonists must provide housing and supplies for British troops.

Stamp Act

Required colonists to pay a tax on printed materials (newspapers, books, contracts, etc.).

Townshend Acts

Initiated tax on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.

Tea Act

Allowed for the direct sale of tea to colonists, which would help the East India Company and undercut the business of local merchants.

Coercive Acts

In response to the Boston Tea Party, Boston port was closed, town meetings were suspended, and the government officials would no longer be elected but appointed.

Three Estates

Name for Pre-revolutionary french society; the Old older determined legal rights and status; France had 3 social classes, and where you were determined your life.

First Estate

Roman Catholic clergy; 1% of the population controlled 10% of the land; exempt from taxes.

Second Estate

Nobility; 2% of population controlled 25% of the land; paid little to no taxes.

Third Estate

Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants; 97% of the population owned 40% of the land; had the least amount of land; average citizen lost 50% of earnings to taxes.

Sans culottes

Without knees, artisans given the name because their pants stopped at the knees, suffered the most financially.

King Louis XVI

King of France whose top priority was money and partying, forced marriage due to political alliance; inherited financial problems.

Jacobin

Political party; wanted the most amount of change - wanted to abolish the monarchy, establish a republic, and kill the king; mostly the Sans culotte.

Girondin

Political party; wanted a constitutional monarchy. Mostly the bourgeoisie. Didn't exactly want a new king, just wanted Louis to accept the constitution.

Royalists

Political party; mostly the nobles, the First Estate.

Reign of Terror

Period of complete and utter chaos began with the death of Jean-Paul Marat, led by Maximillien Robspierre; targeted anyone.

Robspierre

Leader of the Jacobin who led the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon

Military leader born in Corsica; defended the National Convention from the Royalists, eventually became the First Consul of France through a coup d’etat.

Coup d’etat

A quick, rapid overthrow of the government; Napoleon overthrows the Directory and gives himself the title of First Consul.

Lycees

Government run public schools; provides the opportunity for social mobility.

Napoleonic Code

Creates universal law; applied to every single citizen; put everyone at the same level; promoted power to the leader over power to the people; restrictions on things like freedom of press.

Congress of Vienna

International conference to rebuild Europe after Napoleon; powered by Concert of Europe; created balance of power; prevented future French aggression; restored Europes royal families.

Peninsulares

People born in Spain that migrated to the Central and South American colonies; 100% White; at the top of the pyramid.

Creoles

European descent, from Spain; born on American soil; feared social unrest from lower classes; wanted to maintain power.

Mexican Revolution

Original revolution for independence; led by Priest (Padre) Hidalgo; Creoles install someone else more favorable; Caudillos eventually took control and established dictatorship.

Brazilian Revolution

Royal family fled Portugal when Napoleon arrived; Brazil was their biggest colony, so they headed there for sanctuary; Pedro I declared independence in a peaceful transfer of power.

Simon Bolivar

Liberated northern South American (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador); attempted to form a new sovereign nation known as Gran Colombia.

Globalization

Leads to a decline in poverty, healthier and longer life expectancy, economies became stronger, free trade, movement of culture, ideas, and technology.

Outsourcing

Finding other people to do something; people began to outsource jobs to people in other countries; this was due to a quest for cheap labor.

Age of Imperialism

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force; Diplomacy, belief, and actions that one group uses to justify control over others in building an empire.

Colonialism

Most restrictive type of imperialism; a foreign country or a mother country exercises political, economic, or social control over a country.

Protectorate

A foreign country provides protection over another country that otherwise operates independently; least restrictive.

Sphere of influence

A foreign country controls a region of another country economically; controls the resources, flow of goods, and trading rights of a region.

Sepoys

Indian soldier fighting for the British.

Raj

Derogatory term to describe the harsh rule of the British government over India.

Civil disobedience

Breaking a law in a non-violent manner; Gandhi did not condone violence whatsoever, promoting nonviolent ways of justice.