Native American Conflicts - US1H

Middle Passage

most treacherous part of the voyage; transported African captives from Africa to the markets in the Americas

Indentured Servant

European who signed a contract by which they agreed to work for a center number of years for a master in the New World in exchange for their passage to the New World; could sometimes buy their freedom

Triangular Trade

Part of the slave trade, a trade route with there stops: Africa, the West Indies, and the Americas

Mercantilism

economic system used by European countries in which colonies provide raw materials that are sent to the mainland country to be turned into manufactured goods, which are then sold to other countries; exporting more than importing; relied heavily on slave labor

Slave Society

area where the entire economy relies upon the use of enslaved labor

Society with Slaves

area where enslaved labor is used as art of the economy but there are also other economic activities

Proclamation of 1763

prohibited English expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains; upset many colonists who wanted the land to increase their wealth

Cash Crops

crops grown for export in order for countries to become wealthier

Creole

African who came to the Americas and joined frontier societies; integrated themselves into European settlements; joined churches, traded, and formed families

Gullah

African American culture/language developed by the enslaved in the Lowcountry colonies; still followed/spoken today

Wampanoags

New England tribe; rivals with the Narragansett; Massasoit wanted peaceful relations with the English, but they kept expanding into the Wampanoag’s land; Massasoit’s son Metacom had no choice but to turn to war

Narragansett

New England tribe; rivals with the Wampanoags; allied with the Wampanoags in King Philip’s War

Pequot

New England tribe; the English saw them as an obstacle to expansion; in the Pequot War, they were outnumbered by the English and rival tribes, so they lost and were sold into slavery

Mohegans

New England tribe; rivals with the Pequot; allied with the English in the Pequot War

Powhatan Confederacy

Chesapeake tribe; had friendly relations with Jamestown at first; Anglo-Powhatan Wars; officially defeated in 1644; displaced by the English

Pontiac

leader of the Western Odawa tribe; led Pontiac’s Uprising in the Ohio River Valley in 1763; negotiated with British Superintendent of Indian Affairs

Huron

New England tribe; rivals with the Iroquois, who sided with the English; fought for the French in the French and Indian War

Iroquois

New England tribe; rivals with the Hurons, who sided with the French; fought for the English in the French and Indian War

Ottawa

New England tribe; led by Pontiac

Pueblos

Southwestern tribe; under Spain’s control; resisted Spanish rule due to religious decimation and unfair labor; Pope led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, which was the most successful act of native resistance against the Europeans

Nathaniel Bacon

Jamestown settler who asked Governor Berkeley to grant him protection against natives so he could expand his land to the West; when this request was denied, Bacon’s Rebellion began; both native villages and Jamestown itself were attacked

Metacom

Wampanoag chief after the death of his father, Massasoit; distrusted the English, and led King Philip’s War against them

Pocahontas

daughter of Chief Powhatan; married Jamestown settler John Rolfe in order to establish a temporary peace between settlers and the Powhatans

John Smith

Jamestown captain that led settlers out of the Starving Time; captured by the Powhatans, but saved by Pocahontas; left Jamestown to return to England

John Rolfe

Jamestown settler who brought tobacco, a cash crop that would make Jamestown profitable for the first time; saved Jamestown by marrying Pocahontas and introducing tobacco cultivation

Lord De La Warr

Jamestown leader who was asked to save Jamestown after it was destroyed by the Starving Time; caught the settlers who were trying to escape back to England, and made them return to Jamestown

Governor Berkeley

Jamestown’s Governor during all of the Anglo-Powhatan Wars; made a peace treaty with Necotowance, the military leader of the Powhatans at the time

Causes of Anglo-Powhatan Wars

• Mistrust due to different cultures/languages

• The English raided Powhatan food supplies during the Starving Time

• English expansion of land into Powhatan territory (Headright System)

Effects of the Anglo-Powhatan Wars

• Burning of Powhatan villages/fields

• Temporary peace due to Pocahontas’ and John Rolfe’s marriage

• Balance of power shifted to the English

• VA becomes a royal colony

• Powhatans were removed from their original lands

Causes of Bacons Rebellion

• Jamestown Governor Berkeley upset many settlers

  • Monopolized native fur trade

  • Refused to go to war with the natives

Effects of Bacons Rebellion

• Bacon & co. attacked/raided Native American villages

• Jamestown was almost physically destroyed

Causes of Pequot War

• The Pequot were already having tensions with other tribes before the arrival of the English

• Disagreement over exclusive rights to the fur trade in the area

• Connecticut and the MBC declared war

Effects of Pequot War

• First sustained conflict between natives and Europeans in New England

• The English massacred the Pequot (Mystic, CT.), so they were forced to leave their homeland

Causes of the King Phillips War

• The English continued to spread out and unfairly take more land

• Settlers let their cattle/pigs destroy native fields, putting pressure on their food supplies

• Tribes wanted to band together against the English

Effects of the King Phillips War

• Captured natives were killed or sold into slavery

• Metacom was drawn and quartered, with his body strewn about Plymouth

• The Wampanoags were forced to leave the area

• 3,000 natives and 1,000 settlers died

Causes of Seven Years / French and Indian War

• The English population was growing, so they looked to push westward

• George Washington led men into the French Ohio River Valley, and a small battle took place

Effects of Seven Years / French and Indian War

• The Hurons sided with the French and the Iroquois sided with the English

• The English captured Quebec, the most important battleground

• The Treaty of Paris gave all French territory to the English

• England incurred tons of debt

What were the causes of the African Slave Trade?

• Indentured servants were few in number and could sometimes buy their freedom, so there was a labor shortage in the New World

• Sugar and tobacco were important cash crops in the Chesapeake and Lowcountry, but needed intense and plentiful labor to meet their growing demand back in Europe

How was Africa affected by the African Slave Trade?

• Native African populations decreased as 12,000,000+ Africans were sold into New World slavery

• The entire continent of Africa had a slower development compared to other regions of the world

• African nations began to go to war for the sole purpose of being able to capture slaves to sell

What were the causes of indentured servitude in the colonies?

• Europe’s population exploded, and there weren’t enough jobs in Europe itself, so indentured servants came to the New World for work

• Indentured servants could sometimes buy their freedom, so they hoped to one day have their own New World plantations

Explain how enslaved persons were legally defined as property.

• Slaves were no different from objects to be bought and sold

• They were auctioned off while in chains by strange white men who spoke a different language

• Slaves rights were literally legally revoked

  • No owning property

  • No possessing firearms

  • No marriage

• Slaves were dehumanized by their masters

How was slavery/society in the Carolinas different from other English colonies?

• The Carolinas were more like an extension of West Africa than an extension of England

• Slaves originally had difficulties reproducing

• The forced migration of slaves started later and continued longer

• Charleston, South Carolina was the capital of slavery in the New World

What were the types of resistance by enslaved Africans?

• Resistance

  • Slowing down the pace of work, breaking/losing tools, intentionally doing the job wrong, faking sickness, intentionally destroying crops, stealing food from their master, and faking sickness

• Rebellion

  • Physical altercations, running away, poisoning their master, and murder of masters

What happened in the Chesapeake?

The 3 Anglo-Powhatan Wars and Bacon’s Rebellion

What happened in New England?

King Philip’s War and the Pequot War

What happened in Western Regions (Great Lakes/Ohio River Valley/Southwest)

French and Indian War, Pequot War, and Pontiac’s Uprising

• Pontiac’s Uprising: (Pontiac, the leader of the Odawa tribe, led an attack against the English Fort Detroit, because after the English won the French and Indian War, the English wouldn’t supply natives with firearms to hunt like the French did)

Mikey Way

Pete Wentz