European History Second Quarterly Objective exam Bank in flashcard form

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

David Hume was a key figure in the ____________ Enlightenment.

Scottish

All of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism except the:

Theories of Charles Montesquieu

Before the scientific revolution, Europeans' view of the universe was based on the ideas of:

Aristotle

Which of the following subjects experienced a surge in popularity among the reading public in the eighteenth century?

Science

Between 1750 and 1789 the majority of French books were produced by publishing companies in:

The Netherlands and Switzerland

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as:

Rococo

Copernicus's theory of the universe:

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

The most famous salon was that of:

Madame Geoffrin

The key feature of Newton's system was the law of:

Universal gravitation

Membership at the salons was:

Restricted to the well-born, well-connected, and exceptionally talented

The two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and:

René Descartes

The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to:

Popularize the findings of the scientific revolution

The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons except that:

French scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the scientific revolution

All of the following were causes of the scientific revolution except:

The active support of the papacy

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that:

Human development is determined by education and society

The concept of the reading revolution refers to:

The shift from reading out loud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually

__________ reduced all substances to matter and mind.

René Descartes

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for

Rousseau believed that:

Women were best suited to the roles of mother and wife

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to:

"Change the general way of thinking"

Madame du Châtelet:

Believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that:

The authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority

_________'s Historical and Critical Dictionary displayed his skepticism.

Bayle

A striking feature of the salons was that:

Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

__________'s Persian Letters satirized French society.

Montesquieu

__________ believed that the essence of the Enlightenment was the courage to use one's own understanding.

Kant

Enlightenment thinkers developed the idea that race was similar to:

Species

In A Natural History, _________ argued that humans divided into separate species, due largely to climatic conditions.

Comte de Buffon

The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except:

Freeing the Prussian serfs

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through:

A military coup

___________ put an end to Catherine the Great's intention to reform Russian serfdom.

Pugachev's rebellion

Immanuel Kant argued for:

Freedom of the press

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa:

Reduced nobles' power over their serfs

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments:

Was opposed by both nobles and peasants

The agricultural revolution was first manifested in:

The Low Countries

Between 1500 and 1600, the ____________ were the major European players in the Indian Ocean trade.

Portuguese

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also:

Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

Dutch commercial activities in Indonesia centered on:

Spices

Which of these events happened first?

Passage of British Navigation Acts

Britain's great rival for influence in India was:

France

The European guild system reached its height in the:

Eighteenth century

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to:

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Between 1000 and 1800, the most dramatic downturn in European population occurred in the:

Fourteenth century

___________ occupied the summit of the eighteenth-century world of work.

Guild masters

Jethro Tull's contributions to English agriculture were the product of:

Empirical research

The social group on which the success of the English agricultural revolution depended was the:

Tenant farmers

By 1800, __________ had the largest population in Europe.

France

In 1790, African slaves made up about __________ percent of the U.S. population.

20

Which of the following was not a function of guilds in early modern civic life?

Tax collection

All of the following were shortcomings of the putting-out system, from the capitalists' point of view, except:

Rigid production techniques

The term spinster referred to:

A widowed or unmarried woman who spun thread for a living

Typically, the putting-out industry employed:

Rural families

__________ led the revitalization of Spain in the eighteenth century.

Philip V

For cottage workers, holy Monday was:

A day of relaxation

The Navigation Acts were a form of economic warfare that initially targeted the:

Dutch

Early public health measures that may have helped reduce death rates in eighteenth-century Europe included all of the following except:

Discovery of an effective vaccine against the bubonic plague

___________ were the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women.

Mestizos

The decisive round in the colonial conflict between England and France was the:

Seven Years' War

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because:

They diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater

In the eighteenth century, some guilds grew more accessible to women, particularly in the:

Textile industry

__________'s Wealth of Nations argued for the value of free markets.

Adam Smith

By the 1770s, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with:

The British colonial empire

According to Adam Smith, government should limit itself to all of the following except:

Regulating trade

From 1600 on, the typical system of labor control in Spanish America was:

Debt peonage

A broad-based campaign to abolish slavery began in Britain after:

1775

Which of the following events occurred last?

Edward Jenner performs first smallpox vaccine

In seventeenth- and early-eighteenth-century Europe, most couples:

Married in their late twenties

Most girls who sought work outside their families found jobs as:

Domestic servants

The pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the:

Necessary precondition of economic independence

The increased importance of fashionable clothing in the eighteenth century was a chief indicator of the ________ revolution.

Consumer

The consumer economy was concentrated in:

Large cities in northwestern Europe and North America

Which of the following played a role in the care of the sick in the eighteenth century?

All of these are correct

According to the text, the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750–1850 was:

The growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities

The almanacs popular among European peasants were:

Compendiums of astrology, jokes, weird facts, and calendars of religious, astronomical, and agricultural events

The neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by:

High infant mortality rates

In the eighteenth century, the basic religious unit in Europe was:

The parish church

In foundling homes, babies:

Died at the rate of 50 to 90 percent per year

St. Vincent de Paul is most famous for his:

Establishment of foundling homes

According to the text, one danger that threatened young girls living away from home in domestic service was:

Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served

All of the following help explain the appeal of Pietism except:

Its insistence on the authority of the pope

According to the text, the diet of wealthy Europeans in the eighteenth century:

Included large amounts of meat and sweets

The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and:

Vegetables

The parish church served all of the following functions in rural Europe except:

The administration of criminal justice

The American crop that became an important dietary supplement by the end of the century was:

Potatoes

In addition to supervising labor and birth, midwives generally:

Treated female medical difficulties such as irregular menstrual cycles, venereal diseases, and breast-feeding problems

Changes in the food consumption habits of Europeans in the eighteenth century included all of the following except:

Declining consumption of alcoholic beverages

Many surgeons gained anatomical knowledge and practical experience:

On the many battlefields of Europe

John Wesley founded the movement known as:

Methodism

In the eighteenth century, a number of Roman Catholic monarchs including those of __________, instituted reforms that increased state power over the clergy.

Austria and Spain

The greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science was the:

Conquest of smallpox

The Protestant revival of the late seventeenth century began in:

Germany

Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for:

Discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox

The term territorial churches refers to:

Churches controlled by local government authority

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the:

Power of the state over the church

The strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected:

Its importance in community life

All of the following were aspects of the celebration of Carnival except:

Begging forgiveness for one's sins

All of the following were aspects of the Protestant revival in Germany except:

Rationalism

John Wesley's “Methodism” was particularly appealing because:

He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it

Madame du Coudray's best-known work is:

Manual on the Art of Childbirth