IB HISTORY YR 1

Standard Model of Industrialization

Pattern of development where transportation, industrial production, urbanization, and expanding markets reinforce economic growth.

Morrill Tariff (1861)

Raised tariffs on imported goods to protect U.S. industry during the Civil War.

Legal Tender Acts (1862)

Allowed the federal government to issue paper money (“greenbacks”).

National Banking Acts (1863)

Created a national banking system and standardized currency.

Pacific Railroad Acts (1862)

Granted land and loans for railroad construction.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad linking eastern and western U.S. (1869).

United States Military Railroads

Government railroad system used during the Civil War.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who consolidated railroads and major corporations.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

First federal law regulating railroads.

Hepburn Act (1906)

Strengthened federal railroad regulation by increasing ICC powers.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel industrialist who built Carnegie Steel through efficiency and vertical integration.

Vertical Integration

Controlling multiple stages of production and distribution.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil.

Standard Oil Trust

Rockefeller’s business organization controlling oil production and prices.

James Duke & American Tobacco

Tobacco magnate who used mass production and aggressive expansion.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Law intended to limit monopolies and trusts.

Sewing Machine

Increased efficiency in textile and clothing production.

Thomas Edison

Inventor/businessman associated with electric power and communication.

Lightbulb

Practical electric lighting system.

Telephone

Technology enabling long-distance communication.

George Eastman

Inventor of portable cameras and roll film.

Cowtowns

Railroad towns where cattle were shipped east.

Cattle Drives

Movement of cattle from ranches to railroads.

Refrigerated Railroad Cars

Allowed fresh meat transport over long distances.

Barbed Wire

Cheap fencing used to enclose land.

Fence Cutters’ Wars

Conflicts over fenced land in Texas.

National Labor Union

First major national labor organization.

Knights of Labor

Inclusive labor union supporting broad reforms.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Skilled labor union focused on wages and conditions.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Nationwide strike over wage cuts.

Haymarket Affair (1886)

Labor protest linked to violence in Chicago.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Railroad strike broken by federal troops.

Sharecropping

Farming system where tenants worked land in exchange for a share of crops.

Tenancy

System in which farmers rented land and paid with cash or crops.

Crop Liens

Credit system where farmers borrowed against future harvests.

Convict Leasing

Practice of leasing prisoners for labor.

Mississippi Plan (1890)

Political strategy using intimidation, violence, and voting restrictions to suppress Black voting.

Louisiana “Grandfather Clause”

Voting law exempting people whose grandfathers could vote before the Civil War from literacy tests.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court case establishing 'separate but equal.'

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Black Codes

Restrictive laws limiting freedoms of formerly enslaved people.

Wilmington Race Riot (1898)

White supremacist coup overthrowing a multiracial government in North Carolina.

Atlanta Race Riot (1906)

White mob attacks on Black communities.

Elaine, Arkansas Riot (1919)

Mass violence against Black sharecroppers organizing for better conditions.

Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)

Destruction of the prosperous Black Greenwood district.

D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915)

Film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan and racist stereotypes.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the U.S.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Prohibited denying voting rights based on race.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Law banning racial discrimination in public accommodations.

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Supreme Court decision striking down the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

Ida B. Wells

Journalist and anti-lynching activist.

Booker T. Washington

Educator promoting vocational training and gradual advancement.

Tuskegee Institute

School founded by Booker T. Washington for industrial and vocational education.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Scholar and activist demanding immediate civil rights.

“Talented Tenth”

Du Bois’s idea that educated Black leaders would advance racial progress.

NAACP (1909)

Civil rights organization fighting discrimination through legal action.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist leader promoting racial pride and economic independence.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (1914)

Organization founded by Garvey promoting Black unity and economic independence.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

White supremacist organization using terror and violence.

Independent Order of Odd Fellows

Mutual aid organization supporting Black communities.

National Association of Colored Women

Organization advocating education, suffrage, and racial uplift.

Harlem Renaissance

Black cultural and artistic movement centered in Harlem during the 1920s.

The New Negro (1925)

Collection edited by Alain Locke promoting Black cultural confidence.

Langston Hughes

Poet and writer of the Harlem Renaissance.

Richard Allen’s African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)

First independent Black Protestant church founded by Richard Allen.

NYC’s Phoenixonian Literary Society

Black literary and debate society promoting education and abolitionist ideas.

Separate Spheres Doctrine

Belief that men belonged in public/work life while women belonged in the domestic sphere.

Horizontal Allegiances

Loyalty based on class, ethnicity, or occupation rather than family or hierarchy.

Balloon Frame Houses

Cheap wooden homes using lightweight framing.

Coal Stoves

Efficient heating and cooking technology.

Catharine Beecher’s Treatise on Domestic Economy

Book emphasizing women’s domestic responsibilities and moral authority.

Anesthesia

Medical innovation reducing pain during surgery.

Sylvester Graham

Health reformer advocating moderation and whole grains.

Phrenology

Pseudoscience claiming skull shape revealed personality.

Penny Press

Cheap newspapers for mass audiences.

Hudson River School

Art movement focused on romantic landscapes.

Ashcan School

Art movement depicting urban poverty and realism.

George Catlin

Artist documenting Native American cultures.

Frederick Law Olmsted

Landscape architect who designed public parks like Central Park.

Minstrel Shows

Entertainment performances using racist stereotypes of Black Americans.

P.T. Barnum

Showman and entertainment promoter.

Theodore Dreiser

Realist/naturalist writer depicting social inequality.

Frank Norris

Writer exposing monopolies and harsh economic conditions.

John Spargo

Reform writer exposing child labor in coal mines.

Brown and Black Lung Disease

Respiratory illnesses caused by industrial work and coal dust.

Lewis Hine

Photographer documenting child labor.

Wabash Strike

Railroad labor conflict against wage cuts and railroad monopolies.

Immigration Pull Factors

Conditions attracting immigrants (jobs, freedom, opportunity).

Immigration Push Factors

Conditions forcing emigration (poverty, persecution, famine).

Lace Curtain Irish

Wealthier Irish immigrants seeking middle-class respectability.

Industrial Agents

Recruiters encouraging immigration for labor.

Immigrant Aid Societies

Organizations helping immigrants find work and housing.

Chain Migration

Migration following relatives or community members.

Dumbbell Tenement Houses

Narrow apartment buildings meant to improve ventilation.

Ghettos

Ethnic neighborhoods where immigrants clustered.

Sanitary Reformers

Reformers advocating clean water and sewage systems.

Flush Toilets

Improved sanitation technology.

Cast Iron and Steel Frame Construction

Building technology allowing skyscrapers.