Intro to neuroscience

golgi apparatus

§Site of posttranslational modifications

§Protein sorting (determining where the protein will go)

§Protein packaging

meninges

¡serve to protect the delicate brain and spinal cord tissue from the surrounding bone

gyri, sulci

¡The lobes of the brain -that make up the surface of the cortex- are composed of **_____** __(ridges), that are separated by__ _____ (grooves)

brain stem, sacral

parasympathetic fibers exit the CNS at the ____ __and__ ___ levels

neuroscience

¡A branch of life science that deals with the *structure* and *function* of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves at the *molecular*, *cellular*, and *system* levels

neural doctrine

each neuron is its own entity with small spaces separating them

dendrites

extensions of the soma that receive incoming information

Soma

¡the main part of the neuron, housing the nucleus and much of the cellular organelles

Axon

long extension that carries information away from the soma towards axon terminals

Axon terminals

¡housing transmitter(s), the chemical signal or message between neurons and target tissues

Synapse

¡A _______ is composed of a presynaptic membrane, a synaptic cleft (in between), and postsynaptic membrane

synaptic vesticles

Within the axon terminal are _________ that store neurotransmitter- a chemical messenger

presynaptic neuron

¡Neurotransmitters are released by the

Receptors

¡Neurotransmitters bind to ________ on the postsynaptic membrane

Sensory neurons

§Detecting and transmitting changes (stimuli) inside and outside the body to the brain

Interneurons

§Processing and interpreting sensory information and deciding what should be done about it; includes most of the neurons in the brain

Motor neurons

§Executing a response or responses to sensory stimuli via effectors such as muscles and glands 

astrocytes

Act to regulate extracellular environment including some neurotransmitters; helps in forming the BBB, often associated with edema

microglia

§Act as the immune cells of the brain

ependymal cells

§Line the ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

oligodendrocytes

§Responsible for myelination in the CNS

schwann cells

§Responsible for myelination in the PNS

satellite cells

§Surround cell bodies of sensory neurons

myelinated axons

_________ conduct electrical signals much faster than unmyelinated axons (that is, the speed with which current can move down the axon is greatly increased)

nodes of randvier

¡This electrical signal from myelinated axons can now jump between the nodes of Ranvier

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

¡The nervous system is divided *anatomically* into the **_______** __and the__ _________

central nervous system

¡includes the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

¡includes nerves, ganglia, sensory organs…basically, everything outside the CNS

somatic nervous system

¡is that part of the nervous system that innervates skeletal muscle and sensory systems (it is largely under voluntary control)

autonomic nervous system

is that part of the nervous system that innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and internal viscera (it is largely under involuntary control)

sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

¡The ANS is functionally divided into the **____** __and the__ _____; most organs and or tissues receive innervation from both

thoracic, lumbar

Sympathetic fibers exit the CNS at the ____ __and__ ____ levels

preganglionic neurons, postganglionic neurons

¡Both sympathetic and parasympathetic axon fibers called **________**__, exit the CNS to synapse with__ ______ in the periphery prior to innervating target tissues

Cranial nerves

____________ arise from the brain and connect the head, neck, and some visceral organs with the brain without going through the spinal cord

spinal nerves

¡Information flow to and from the periphery to the brain occurs largely through

bilaterally

¡These spinal nerves exit the spinal column bilaterally and are named according to the segments of the spinal cord to which they are connected (

peripheral nerves

¡These nerves give rise to __________, carrying both sensory (incoming) and motor (outgoing)  information (hence, they are mixed nerves)

ventral surface

Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord on the dorsal surface via dorsal roots, while motor fibers leave the spinal cord on the __________ via ventral roots

fibrocartilage

¡Between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs made of

33

¡The spinal cord is contained within the *usuall*y ____ vertebrae that make up the vertebral column

lumbar cistern

the largest subarachnoid space in the spinal cord, mostly void of neural structures \[containing the filum terminale internum and part of the cauda equina, but not he spinal cord proper\] and therefore the safest place to insert a needle for the withdrawal of CSF for analysis

sensory afferent fibers

**The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) houses the cell bodies [somas] of**

ventral horns

**The cell bodies [somas] of motor efferent fibers are located within the _________ of the gray matter**

gastrulation

¡is the process by which the embryonic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm , and ectoderm) are formed following **blastulation** (the formation of a  sphere with a fluid-filled cavity)

endoderm

§gives rise to the digestive and respiratory tracts and their related structures

mesoderm

gives rise to the skeletal system as well as muscles

ectoderm

§gives rise to skin and the nervous system

neurulation

is the process by which the neural plate (the thickened region of dorsal ectoderm) becomes the neural tube (this process occurs around 22 days post conception)

prosencephalon

The *_________* or *forebrain* will give rise to the **telencephalon**  (cerebrum) and **diencephalo**n (thalamus and hypothalamus), as well as the optic vesicles (which develop into the eyes

mesencephalon

¡The *___________*, or *midbrain* virtually stays the same

rhombencephalon

¡The *________*, or *hindbrain* will give rise to the **metencephalon** (pons and cerebellum) and the **myelencephalon** (medulla)

anterior

the front of a structure

posterior

the back of a structure

medial

toward the middle or center

lateral

to the side of

rostral

directed towards the nose

caudal

directed toward the tail (head, neck, etc.)

dorsal

towards the back of the body

ventral

towards the front of the body

superior

towards the head

inferior

away from the head

ipsilateral

structures on the same side of the brain

contralateral

structures on opposite sides of the brain

frontal lobe

associated with motor functions

parietal lobe

associated with sensory functions

occipital lobe

associated with visual functions

temporal lobe

associated with auditory functions

precentral gyrus

is associated with integrating motor functions from different parts of the brain

postcentral gyrus

is associated with integrating sensory functions from different parts of the brain

basal ganglia

consist primarily of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, and is associated with the control of movement

limbic system

includes the cingulate gyrus and amygdala and is associated with *emotion and learning*

hypothalamus

is composed of several nuclei that control various functions (many of which are critical), including hunger, thirst, and temperature; it also regulates the endocrine system by controlling the **pituitary gland**

thalamus

is a major relay point for almost all incoming sensory information headed towards the cortices

brain stem

¡is composed of the **midbrain**, **pons** (motor and sensory), and **medulla** (respiration and heart rate)

tectum

¡The roof (dorsally) of the midbrain is known as the **______**; it is made up of the **superior colliculi** (vision) and the **inferior colliculi** (auditory) 

basal ganglia, pain, sleep and arousal

¡The floor(ventrally) of the brain stem contains the **tegmentum** and includes the **substantia nigra** (associated with the ________), the__ __**periaqueductal gray**__ __(associate with__ _____), and part of the__ __**reticular formation**__ __(neurons associated with associated with__ ______)

cerebellum

¡is highly convoluted and made up of three layers. ¡Located ventral and posterior of the cerebral hemispheres and dorsal (posterior) of the brain stem. ¡It also plays a role in certain aspects of cognition, including learning

dura mater

outermost layer of the meninges- which in areas is attached to bone

arachnoid membrane

middle layer of the meninges

pia mater

innermost layer of the meninges- which adheres to the brain

subarachnoid space

between the arachnoid and pia is filled with **cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)**

the cell

what is the functional unit of life

electrons are unequally shared

what makes a molecule polar

the nucleus and the cytoplasm

what are the two major compartments of the cell

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

mitochondria

§Site of cellular respiration

§Site of ATP production

6 CO2 + 6 H2O makes C6H12O6 + 6 O2

what is the chemical equation for the circle of life

cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur

pyruvate

what is glucose converted to after glycolysis

mitochondrial matrix

where does the citric acid cycle occur

mitochondria

where is the electron transport chain

cellular respiration

where does most the atp in a cell come from

DNA

¡composed of nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

translation

mRNA to protein

ribosomes

where does protein synthesis take place

mitosis

**division of the nuclear material [DNA] into two identical daughter cells**

meiosis

¡reduces the chromosomal number by half, allowing a diploid zygote (*n* + *n* = 2*n = 46*) to form from two gametes, an ovum ( n = 23) and a sperm (n = 23)

Glucose and oxygen

¡The brain has a very high metabolic rate and as such requires a continued supply of blood for ____________

internal common carotids, vertebral arteries

¡The brain is supplied blood by four major arteries, two **_______** and two _____________

blood brain barrier

¡Brain tissue is largely isolated from systemic circulation by the **_______________,** so that not all substances in the blood are able to pass directly into the brain