Studied by 13 people
TLR1 and TLR2
GPT anchoring proteins (often found on parasites) and lipoproteins
TLR2 and TLR6
fungi and lipotocoid acid
TLR11
bacteria found in the urogenital system
TLR4
lipopolysaccharides found on gram-negative bacteria
TLR5
flagelin (found in becteria such as E. coli)
TLR3
dsRNA
TLR9
CpG DNA (DNA methylation regions; molecular biology flashback)
TLR7
single-stranded RNA
TLR8
dsRNA
TLRs can activate AP1, which is for...
cell-signaling
TLR can activate....
AP1, Interferon (IRF), and NF-kappa-beta
3 main types of NF-kappa-beta
TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-18
3 types of interferons
alpha, beta, gamma
alpha and beta INFs activate the genetic expression of...
antiviral peptides such as (protein kinase R).
function of protein kinase R
prevent the penetration of viral DNA into cell
function of INF-gamma
binds to receptors on macrophages, which triggers proliferation and an increased expression of MHC I and MHC II activates monocytes into macrophages development of naive t cells into Th1 class switch of IgG
what does NOT have IFN-alpha but has IFN-beta
platelets
function of MAC
allow water and ions to freely flow into the bacteria which causes lysis
what protein is an opsonin?
complimentary protein C3
3 types of pathways that involve complementary proteins
classical pathway, alternative pathway, lectin pathway
lectin binds to...
manose
what protein binds to lectin?
C4
what protein can bind directly onto the antigen?
C3
what proteins form MAC
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
which complimentary proteins are activated and initiate positive chemotaxis?
C3a and C5a
complimentary protein C1 binds to what portion of the antibody?
FC portion
what is the order of how complimentary proteins bind?
1, 4, 2, 3b, (5b, 6, 7, 8, 9)
what cell binds to the opsonin (C3b)?
monocyte
MHC II is expressed in...
antigen-presenting cells (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)
MHC I is expressed in..
all cells
subregions of MHC II
DP, DQ, DR
subregions of MHC I
A, B, C
neutrophils can convert O2 into free radical substances like H2O2 and OH-. this can damage the phagolysosome and antigens, but also cause damage to healthy cells. this is called...
oxidative burst
when a neutrophil prepares to undergo apoptosis, it spills out chromatin, which contains histones that can bind to antigens, causing them to degrade. this process is called...
NETS
3 antigen presenting cells
B cell, macrophage, dendritic cell
when IL-1 and INF-alpha reach the hypothalamus, what is released?
PGE2
PGE2 can cause...
fever
benefits of a fever
can kill some types of bacteria by denaturing its protein. can increase metabolism from the heat can help w absorption of iron and zinc? (idk)
when a person has active inflammation, their blood test results may indicate high levels of what peptides released from the liver?
c-reactive peptides
what IL does the liver release after IL-1 and TNF-alpha are released?
IL-6
IL-1 and TNF-alpha stimulate the bone marrow and allow...
leukocytosis
IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 are secreted by what cell?
monocyte
IL-1 and TNF-alpha can activate the endothelial cells. what structure protrudes from the activated endothelial cells?
E-selectins
function of IL-8
bind to endothelial receptor and interacts with VCAM/ICAM activate neutrophils, and allow more leakage of them from the plasma.
what causes positive chemotaxis?
chemical inflammatory mediators, active C3a and C5a
diapedesis is when cells are squeezed out of the gaps of the endothelium. the structures that stimulate diapedesis are called...
PCAMs
selectins can slow down neutrophils and monocytes to bring them to the inflammatory site. the rolling of these cells along the endothelium is called...
margination
what causes edema during inflammation?
endothelial cells contract to create gaps and increase permeability of the vessels. this allows plasma to leak out and accumulate around the inflamed area.
what causes redness during inflammation?
endothelial cells contract to create gaps and increase permeability of the vessels. this allows plasma to leak out and accumulate around the inflammed area. smooth muscles are relaxed due to the effect of cytokines. this causes vasodilation and more blood flow surrounding the inflamed area.
what causes heat during inflammation?
smooth muscles are relaxed due to the effect of cytokines. this causes vasodilation and more blood flow surrounding the inflamed area.
what causes pain during inflammation?
bradykinin can activate nociceptors. also, due to the increase pressure outside of the blood vessels, nociceptors are activated.
when chemical inflammatory mediators activate the endothelium, what structures protrude from the endothelium?
E-selectins
list 4 chemical inflammatory mediators
histmine, leukotriene, prostaglandin, bradykinin.
phospholipase A-II breaks down phospholipids into...
arachidonic acid
arachidonic acid is converted into leukotriene by the enzyme
CPO
arachidonic acid is converted into prostglandin by the enzyme
COX
what cell releases chemical inflammatory mediators?
mast cells
what activates monocytes into macrophages?
IFN-γ
what can monocytes differentiate into?
macrophages and dendritic cells
naive B cells have B cell receptors that can fit many types of antigens through the process of..
recombination
when the free antigen binds to its b-cell receptor and is endocytosed, what is produced?
MHC II
type of antibody of b-cell receptor
IgD
naive helper T cells mature when it is bound to...
antigen-presenting macrophage
primary stimulation of naive T cells involves the membrane proteins...
CD4, T-cell receptor (TCR), MHCII, and foreign antigen
primary stimulation can cause cell-signlaing by the protein...
CD3
costimulation involves the binding of...
CD28 and B7
active t-cells produce an autocrinic substance called...
IL-2
IL-2 stimulates the production of IL-4, which leads to...
clonal expansion, activation of B-cell, and antibody production, maturation of Th
IL-5 contributes to the differentiation of B-cells and produce what types of cells?
plasma cells and memory B cells
what stimulates antibody production?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-6
naive helper T cells are activated and differentiated into...
Th1 and Th2
naive T cell can mature into Th1 by...
IL-12, TFN-gamma
naive T cell can mature into Th2 by...
IL-4, 5, 10
Th1 produces...
gamma-IFN and TNF-alpha
Th2 produces...
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
the humoral immunity response occurs in the...
lymph nodes
on the MHC I of a virally infected cell, the self-antigen is capped by...
viral peptide
T-cytotoxic cells bind to the MHC-I of viral infected cells with...
CD5 or 8
an activated T-cytotoxic cell produce...
porforins and granzymes
function of porforins
creates pores on the infected cell.
function of granzymes
enter the infected cell via the pores made by porforins, and activate pro-apoptotic genes in the nucleus.
NK cells release porforins and granzymes when it encounters what kinds of cells?
a cell without MHC-I a cell with MICA instead of MHC a cells with IgG (sorry im not sure on this one)
5 actions triggered by antibodies
neutralization, precipitation, lysis, agglutination, opsonization
IFN alpha and beta activate what cell?
natural killer cells
antibodies are secreted by
plasma cells
most abundant type of antibody
IgG
when are IgG produced the most?
second immune response
function of IgG
opsonization, precipitation, neutralization, passive immunity through the placenta
IgA localizes in...
skin, saliva, mucosal linings in GI tract, breast milk, urogenital fluid
function of IgA
binds to antigens as a dimer passive immunity through breast milk
when are IgM most produced?
primary immune response
function of IgM
opsonization by monomer agglutination by pentamer
where are IgE found?
respiratory tract mucosa, urogenital mucosa, lamina propria, lymphatic tissues, GI tract mucoa
where do IgE bind to?
the FC-epsilon-R1 receptor on mast cells.
function of IgE
bind to the FC-epsilon-R1 receptor on mast cells, and stimulate secretion of inflammatory mediators
what type of sensitivity is IgE involved in?
type I hypersensitivity
function of IgD
works as B-cell receptor
example of naturally acquired passive immunity
IgG and IgA passed from mother through placenta and breast milk
examples of artificially acquired passive immunity
anti-venom treatment
examples of naturally acquired active immunity
infection by a pathogen
