immunology SLAY

TLR1 and TLR2

GPT anchoring proteins (often found on parasites) and lipoproteins

TLR2 and TLR6

fungi and lipotocoid acid

TLR11

bacteria found in the urogenital system

TLR4

lipopolysaccharides found on gram-negative bacteria

TLR5

flagelin (found in becteria such as E. coli)

TLR3

dsRNA

TLR9

CpG DNA (DNA methylation regions; molecular biology flashback)

TLR7

single-stranded RNA

TLR8

dsRNA

TLRs can activate AP1, which is for...

cell-signaling

TLR can activate....

AP1, Interferon (IRF), and NF-kappa-beta

3 main types of NF-kappa-beta

TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-18

3 types of interferons

alpha, beta, gamma

alpha and beta INFs activate the genetic expression of...

antiviral peptides such as (protein kinase R).

function of protein kinase R

prevent the penetration of viral DNA into cell

function of INF-gamma

binds to receptors on macrophages, which triggers proliferation and an increased expression of MHC I and MHC II
activates monocytes into macrophages
development of naive t cells into Th1
class switch of IgG

what does NOT have IFN-alpha but has IFN-beta

platelets

function of MAC

allow water and ions to freely flow into the bacteria which causes lysis

what protein is an opsonin?

complimentary protein C3

3 types of pathways that involve complementary proteins

classical pathway, alternative pathway, lectin pathway

lectin binds to...

manose

what protein binds to lectin?

C4

what protein can bind directly onto the antigen?

C3

what proteins form MAC

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

which complimentary proteins are activated and initiate positive chemotaxis?

C3a and C5a

complimentary protein C1 binds to what portion of the antibody?

FC portion

what is the order of how complimentary proteins bind?

1, 4, 2, 3b, (5b, 6, 7, 8, 9)

what cell binds to the opsonin (C3b)?

monocyte

MHC II is expressed in...

antigen-presenting cells (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)

MHC I is expressed in..

all cells

subregions of MHC II

DP, DQ, DR

subregions of MHC I

A, B, C

neutrophils can convert O2 into free radical substances like H2O2 and OH-. this can damage the phagolysosome and antigens, but also cause damage to healthy cells. this is called...

oxidative burst

when a neutrophil prepares to undergo apoptosis, it spills out chromatin, which contains histones that can bind to antigens, causing them to degrade. this process is called...

NETS

3 antigen presenting cells

B cell, macrophage, dendritic cell

when IL-1 and INF-alpha reach the hypothalamus, what is released?

PGE2

PGE2 can cause...

fever

benefits of a fever

can kill some types of bacteria by denaturing its protein.
can increase metabolism from the heat
can help w absorption of iron and zinc? (idk)

when a person has active inflammation, their blood test results may indicate high levels of what peptides released from the liver?

c-reactive peptides

what IL does the liver release after IL-1 and TNF-alpha are released?

IL-6

IL-1 and TNF-alpha stimulate the bone marrow and allow...

leukocytosis

IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 are secreted by what cell?

monocyte

IL-1 and TNF-alpha can activate the endothelial cells. what structure protrudes from the activated endothelial cells?

E-selectins

function of IL-8

bind to endothelial receptor and interacts with VCAM/ICAM
activate neutrophils, and allow more leakage of them from the plasma.

what causes positive chemotaxis?

chemical inflammatory mediators, active C3a and C5a

diapedesis is when cells are squeezed out of the gaps of the endothelium. the structures that stimulate diapedesis are called...

PCAMs

selectins can slow down neutrophils and monocytes to bring them to the inflammatory site. the rolling of these cells along the endothelium is called...

margination

what causes edema during inflammation?

endothelial cells contract to create gaps and increase permeability of the vessels. this allows plasma to leak out and accumulate around the inflamed area.

what causes redness during inflammation?

endothelial cells contract to create gaps and increase permeability of the vessels. this allows plasma to leak out and accumulate around the inflammed area.
smooth muscles are relaxed due to the effect of cytokines. this causes vasodilation and more blood flow surrounding the inflamed area.

what causes heat during inflammation?

smooth muscles are relaxed due to the effect of cytokines. this causes vasodilation and more blood flow surrounding the inflamed area.

what causes pain during inflammation?

bradykinin can activate nociceptors.
also, due to the increase pressure outside of the blood vessels, nociceptors are activated.

when chemical inflammatory mediators activate the endothelium, what structures protrude from the endothelium?

E-selectins

list 4 chemical inflammatory mediators

histmine, leukotriene, prostaglandin, bradykinin.

phospholipase A-II breaks down phospholipids into...

arachidonic acid

arachidonic acid is converted into leukotriene by the enzyme

CPO

arachidonic acid is converted into prostglandin by the enzyme

COX

what cell releases chemical inflammatory mediators?

mast cells

what activates monocytes into macrophages?

IFN-γ

what can monocytes differentiate into?

macrophages and dendritic cells

naive B cells have B cell receptors that can fit many types of antigens through the process of..

recombination

when the free antigen binds to its b-cell receptor and is endocytosed, what is produced?

MHC II

type of antibody of b-cell receptor

IgD

naive helper T cells mature when it is bound to...

antigen-presenting macrophage

primary stimulation of naive T cells involves the membrane proteins...

CD4, T-cell receptor (TCR), MHCII, and foreign antigen

primary stimulation can cause cell-signlaing by the protein...

CD3

costimulation involves the binding
of...

CD28 and B7

active t-cells produce an autocrinic substance called...

IL-2

IL-2 stimulates the production of IL-4, which leads to...

clonal expansion, activation of B-cell, and antibody production, maturation of Th

IL-5 contributes to the differentiation of B-cells and produce what types of cells?

plasma cells and memory B cells

what stimulates antibody production?

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6

naive helper T cells are activated and differentiated into...

Th1 and Th2

naive T cell can mature into Th1 by...

IL-12, TFN-gamma

naive T cell can mature into Th2 by...

IL-4, 5, 10

Th1 produces...

gamma-IFN and TNF-alpha

Th2 produces...

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5

the humoral immunity response occurs in the...

lymph nodes

on the MHC I of a virally infected cell, the self-antigen is capped by...

viral peptide

T-cytotoxic cells bind to the MHC-I of viral infected cells with...

CD5 or 8

an activated T-cytotoxic cell produce...

porforins and granzymes

function of porforins

creates pores on the infected cell.

function of granzymes

enter the infected cell via the pores made by porforins, and activate pro-apoptotic genes in the nucleus.

NK cells release porforins and granzymes when it encounters what kinds of cells?

a cell without MHC-I
a cell with MICA instead of MHC
a cells with IgG
(sorry im not sure on this one)

5 actions triggered by antibodies

neutralization, precipitation, lysis, agglutination, opsonization

IFN alpha and beta activate what cell?

natural killer cells

antibodies are secreted by

plasma cells

most abundant type of antibody

IgG

when are IgG produced the most?

second immune response

function of IgG

opsonization, precipitation, neutralization, passive immunity through the placenta

IgA localizes in...

skin, saliva, mucosal linings in GI tract, breast milk, urogenital fluid

function of IgA

binds to antigens as a dimer
passive immunity through breast milk

when are IgM most produced?

primary immune response

function of IgM

opsonization by monomer
agglutination by pentamer

where are IgE found?

respiratory tract mucosa, urogenital mucosa, lamina propria, lymphatic tissues, GI tract mucoa

where do IgE bind to?

the FC-epsilon-R1 receptor on mast cells.

function of IgE

bind to the FC-epsilon-R1 receptor on mast cells, and stimulate secretion of inflammatory mediators

what type of sensitivity is IgE involved in?

type I hypersensitivity

function of IgD

works as B-cell receptor

example of naturally acquired passive immunity

IgG and IgA passed from mother through placenta and breast milk

examples of artificially acquired passive immunity

anti-venom treatment

examples of naturally acquired active immunity

infection by a pathogen