Exam Review

Muhammad

The founder of Islam, the last prophet.

Pagodas

Hindu/Buddhist temple; holy temple or sacred building.

Natural Rights

John Locke’s belief in Life, Liberty, Property.

Vernacular

The everyday language of everyday people.

Archipelago

A chain or group of islands scattered across lakes, seas, and oceans.

Hangul

The writing system of the Korean language.

Johann Gutenberg

German inventor of the printing press.

Sect

A group of people with somewhat different beliefs from a larger group.

Theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

Isaac Newton

A mathematician who created calculus.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Created political realism; wrote a guide on how to gain and maintain power.

Leonardo da Vinci

An inventor/artist known for works like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Predestination

The belief that God has already chosen your post-life destination.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed that the Earth revolves around the sun; created the heliocentric model.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain.

Prince Henry

Lead sponsor of exploration.

Middle Passage

The second leg of the triangular trade (Africa to the Americas).

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor who faced the invasion by Cortés.

Viceroys

Representatives that rule in the king's name.

Mercantilism

Policy that measures a nation's wealth by gold and salt to make a country rich.

5 Pillars of Islam

1. Belief in 1 God; 2. Alms to the poor; 3. Hajj to Mecca; 4. Pray 5 times a day; 5. Fasting during Ramadan.

Sufis

Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation and fasting.

Quran

The holy book for Muslims.

Mecca

The holiest city for Muslims; birthplace of prophet Muhammad.

Sunni & Shiite differences

Contradicting beliefs on succession after the Prophet Muhammad died.

Meroe’s success reasons

Located on the Nile River, it was a capital trade city.

Geez

An ancient Axum language (African-Jewish).

Mansa Musa

The greatest Mali leader; known as the richest man in the world.

Great Zimbabwe's economic success

Commercial links with coastal cities.

Desertification

The process of fertile land becoming arid deserts.

Kingdom of Nubia

Located along the Upper Nile River, controlling trade and natural resources.

Tang & Song dynasties' social classes

Gentry and peasants.

Korea’s cultural influence

Strongly influenced by China.

Japanese Tokugawa control of daimyo

Daimyo must live in Edo every other year.

Expansion of Song dynasty's economy

New farming methods led to growth.

Emperor's role in Japanese feudal society

Powerless figurehead.

Renaissance

An improvement on already established knowledge.

Protestant Reformation

A movement where people started to question the church.

Francesco Petrarch

Assembled libraries of classic works.

Sir Thomas More

An English humanist who envisioned a utopian society.

Zacharias Janssen

Inventor of the microscope and the first person to see cells.

First Europeans to challenge Portuguese trade

The Dutch.

Vasco da Gama

From Portugal, found Calicut and many spices.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

First European to see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas.

Bartholomew Dias

Rounded the southern tip of South Africa to find a sea route to Asia.

Sepoys

Indian soldiers serving Europe.

Qing dynasty's economy

Expanded due to trade with Europe.

Japanese shoguns' reaction to foreigners

Saw them as a threat after Spain seized the Philippines.

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztec Empire.

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru.

Creoles

Second in social class, American born with Spanish descendants.

Peninsulares

Top in social class, born in Spain.

Mestizos

Third in social class; of Native American and European descent.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided lands discovered outside of Europe between Spain and Portugal.

Triangular trade route

A three-legged international trade network.

Price Revolution

A period in European history characterized by rapid inflation.

Laissez Faire

The idea that business should operate with little or no government interference.

Enlightenment

A movement that sparked changes in government and society throughout Europe.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed in a powerful government.

Montesquieu

Proposed the idea of separation of powers in government.

John Locke

Believed in natural rights: Life, Liberty, Property.

Rousseau

Argued that all people are equal; promoted the idea that people in a natural state are good.

Voltaire

Promoted freedom of religion, press, and speech.

Avoiding censorship

Enlightenment thinkers disguised their ideas in fiction.