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Sir Arthur Doyle
Creator of Sherlock Holmes.
Francis Galton
Known for developing fingerprinting.
Mathieu Orfila
Pioneer of toxicology.
Leone Lattes
Developed blood types identification by smear.
Alphonse Bertillion
Known for anthropometry: characteristics based on bone length.
Calvin Goddard
Specialized in ballistics.
Albert Osborn
Focused on document examination.
Walter McCrone
Expert in microscopic forensics.
Hans Gross
Published influential works in forensics.
Edmond Locard
Established the first crime lab and formulated the exchange principle.
Physical Science Lab
Uses chemistry and physics to analyze materials such as soil and drugs.
Biology Lab
Identifies biological evidence such as DNA.
Firearms Lab
Examines evidence related to firearms.
Document Examination Lab
Determines handwriting and analyzes ink.
Photography Lab
Examines and records physical evidence.
Odontology
Examines teeth, such as bite marks.
Psychology/Psychiatrist
Studies mental behavior and predicts future actions.
Toxicology
Analyzes substances for toxicity.
Entomology
Studies insects to assist in forensic investigations.
Engineer
Investigates crashes and material failures.
Serology
Examines blood and other bodily substances.
Computer Science
Investigates suspects' online history.
Anthropology
Analyzes bones to identify characteristics.
Effect of Photos on Jury
Photos can add emotions and create biases.
Statutory Law
Legislative acts that declare or prohibit something.
Common Law
Law made from judicial decisions.
Administrative Law
Laws made by government agencies.
Equity Law
Laws made to prevent actions, such as restraining orders.
Civil Law
Protects civil rights in noncriminal cases.
Criminal Law
Used for crimes against federal sanctions.
Probable Cause
Actual reason to suspect someone and investigate further.
Probable Cause Consequences
Can lead to an arrest warrant and booking.
Arraignment
Happens when a defendant hears charges and enters a plea, following jail or bail.
Preliminary Hearing
Judge decides if there is enough evidence to continue the case.
Double Jeopardy
Trying someone again for essentially the same crime.
Nolo Contendere
Not guilty or guilty, but accepts punishment.
Infraction
Any act that breaks a law.
Misdemeanor
Minor crime; punishable by no more than one year in jail.
Felony
Major crime; punishable by more than a year in prison or execution.
Most Jail Time
Felony incurs the most jail time.
Highest Fine
Felony also carries the highest fines.
Miranda Rights
Protect against self-incrimination and ensure evidence is admissible.
Class Evidence
Material that can be narrowed to a group, like blood type.
Individual Evidence
Material that can be narrowed to a specific person, such as fingerprints.
