UNIT 1 Test Review- Introduction to Forensics

Sir Arthur Doyle

Creator of Sherlock Holmes.

Francis Galton

Known for developing fingerprinting.

Mathieu Orfila

Pioneer of toxicology.

Leone Lattes

Developed blood types identification by smear.

Alphonse Bertillion

Known for anthropometry: characteristics based on bone length.

Calvin Goddard

Specialized in ballistics.

Albert Osborn

Focused on document examination.

Walter McCrone

Expert in microscopic forensics.

Hans Gross

Published influential works in forensics.

Edmond Locard

Established the first crime lab and formulated the exchange principle.

Physical Science Lab

Uses chemistry and physics to analyze materials such as soil and drugs.

Biology Lab

Identifies biological evidence such as DNA.

Firearms Lab

Examines evidence related to firearms.

Document Examination Lab

Determines handwriting and analyzes ink.

Photography Lab

Examines and records physical evidence.

Odontology

Examines teeth, such as bite marks.

Psychology/Psychiatrist

Studies mental behavior and predicts future actions.

Toxicology

Analyzes substances for toxicity.

Entomology

Studies insects to assist in forensic investigations.

Engineer

Investigates crashes and material failures.

Serology

Examines blood and other bodily substances.

Computer Science

Investigates suspects' online history.

Anthropology

Analyzes bones to identify characteristics.

Effect of Photos on Jury

Photos can add emotions and create biases.

Statutory Law

Legislative acts that declare or prohibit something.

Common Law

Law made from judicial decisions.

Administrative Law

Laws made by government agencies.

Equity Law

Laws made to prevent actions, such as restraining orders.

Civil Law

Protects civil rights in noncriminal cases.

Criminal Law

Used for crimes against federal sanctions.

Probable Cause

Actual reason to suspect someone and investigate further.

Probable Cause Consequences

Can lead to an arrest warrant and booking.

Arraignment

Happens when a defendant hears charges and enters a plea, following jail or bail.

Preliminary Hearing

Judge decides if there is enough evidence to continue the case.

Double Jeopardy

Trying someone again for essentially the same crime.

Nolo Contendere

Not guilty or guilty, but accepts punishment.

Infraction

Any act that breaks a law.

Misdemeanor

Minor crime; punishable by no more than one year in jail.

Felony

Major crime; punishable by more than a year in prison or execution.

Most Jail Time

Felony incurs the most jail time.

Highest Fine

Felony also carries the highest fines.

Miranda Rights

Protect against self-incrimination and ensure evidence is admissible.

Class Evidence

Material that can be narrowed to a group, like blood type.

Individual Evidence

Material that can be narrowed to a specific person, such as fingerprints.