UNIT 1 Test Review- Introduction to Forensics

* Answer all the questions (even those with multiple parts, like question #1).

1. Write what each of these historians known for?
   -Sir Authur Doyle: creator of Sherlock Holmes

-Francis Galton: fingerprinting
-Mathieu Orfila: toxicology

-Leone Lattes: blood types by smear
-Alphonse Bertillion: anthropomentry: characteristics based on bone length

-Calvin Goddard: ballistics
-Albert Osborn: document examination

-Walter McCrone: microscopic forensics
-Hans Gross: forensics publications

-Edmond Locard: first crime lab and exchange principle

2. What are the 5 basic crime lab services? What does each lab do or what is each lab responsible for?

• physical science: chemistry and physics to determine materials such as soil and drugs

• biology: biology used to identify DNA for example

• firearms 

• document examination: determine handwriting and ink

• photography: examines and records physical evidence

3. What would a professional do in each occupation?
   -Odentology: examine teeth (ex. bite marks)

-Psychology/Psychiatrist: mental behavior and future actions
-Toxicology: substances

-Entomology: insects
-Engineer: crashes and material failures

-Serology: blood and other substances
-Computer Science: suspects online history

-Anthropology: bones used to identify characteristics

4. How can photos effect the jury (color vs. black/white)?

add emotions and can create biases

5. What is the difference between statutory law, common law, administrative law, and equity law?

• statutory law: legislative acts that declare or prohibit something

• common law: made from judicial decisions

• administrative law: made by government agencies (ex. Social Security Administration)

• equity law: made to prevent something (ex. restraining orders)

6. What is the difference between civil law and criminal law?

Civil laws are made to protect a civil right and are used in noncriminal cases. Criminal law is used for crimes against a federal sanction. 

7. What is probable cause?

An actual reason to suspect someone of doing something and investigate further

8. What happens if probable cause occurs (what can happen afterwards)?

arrest warrant obtained and booking

9. What is arraignment? Arraignment happens after what process?

after jail or bail; when the defendant hears their charges and they enter their plea; first hearing

10. What is a preliminary and when does it occur?

judge decides if their is enough evidence to continue the case

11. What is double jeopardy?

trying someone again for essentially the same crime

12. What is Nolo contendere?

not guilty or guilty but accepts punishment

13. What is the difference between:
      -Infractions: anything that breaks a law 
      -Misdemeanor: minor crime; punishable by no more than one year in jail
      -Felony: major crime; punishable by more than a year in prison or execution

Which one has the most jail time? felony
Which ones carries the highest fine? felony

14. What is the purpose of Miranda Rights? 

protect against self-incrimination and making sure evidence is admissible in court

15. What is the difference between class evidence and individual evidence?

class evidence is material that can be narrowed down to a group of people such as blood type

individual evidence is material that can narrowed down to a specific person ex. fingerprints