AP CHEM MEMORIZE

tetrahedral

4 attached, 109.5° sp3

trigonal planar

3 attached, 120° sp2

linear

2 attached 180° sp

trigonal bipyramidal

5 attached 90&120°

Octahedral

6 attached, 90°

microwave

causes rotation

infrared

causes vibration

UV/ Visible Light

caused electrons to transition to different energy levels

0th Order

concentration vs time

1st Order

ln concentration vs time

2nd Order

1/concentration vs time

Six Strong Acids

HCl hydrochloric, HI hydroiotic, HBr hydrobromic, H2SO4 sulfiric, HNO3 nitric, HClO4 perchloric COMPLETELY IONIZE

Strong Bases

Hydroxide OH + group 1&2 elements

Titration curve rules

pH = pKa at ½ equivalence (under straight curve)

Titration Equation

MaVa = MbVb

Dilution Equation

M1V1 = M2V2

Percent Error

theoretical yield - actual yield / actual yield x 100

deltaH (bond enthalpy)

sum of H (bond broken) - sum of H (bonds formed) (LEFT MINUS RIGHT)

Always Soluble cations

Na+ , K+ , NH4+

Always soluble anion

NO3-

exothermic

negative deltaH (heat out of molecule)

endothermic

+deltaH (heat into molecule)

favored

-deltaG

not favored

+deltaG

CAT FAT

cation mass increases in galvanic cell

galvanic cell flows from…

anion → cation

the salt bridge:

completed the circuit for electron flow, and maintains neutrality/ balances charges

deltaS

disorder,randomness,chaos of particles

solid → gas

endothermic

ionization

endothermic

gaining electrons

exothermic

P( of X gas) = mole fraction(Ptotal)

Partial Pressure

Triple Bond

2 sigma 1 pi

bent angle

104.5

Products of A complete combustion

CO2 H2O

Rate Law

Rate= K[A]^a[B]^b

in an equilibrium expression you omit…

liquid and solids, only keep gases amd aqueous solutions

Kp uses:

parentheses and pressure

ICE CHART

INITIAL, CHANGE, EQUILIBRIUM

Small K value,

lots of reactant not much product

LeChatliers Principle

reaction will shift accordingly to maintain equilibrium, less pressure more mass on that side of react, heat determines side based on exo/endo

Kw

Ionic product of water = 1×10^-14 @25°

% dissociation

x balue in equilibrium equation over initial concentration x100

Add salt to ___ to find if acidic or basic

water (HOH)