AP Psychology - Unit 4

Learning AP TEST 7%-9%

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response

Acquisition

process of pairing the UCS with the CS

Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UCS)

something that triggers a naturally occuring response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Response (UR)

nautrally occuring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response (CR)

the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus

Extinction

conditioned responss decreases or disappears (no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus)

Spontaneous Recovery

return of previously extinct conditioned response after a rest period

Stimulus Generalization

conditioned stimulus may evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned

Stimulus Discrimination

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

Operant Conditioning

learning through rewards and punishments for behavior

Reinforcing Stimulus

strengthens or increases the behavior it follows

Positive Reinforcement

add something good, behavior increases as a result

Negative Reinforcement

remove something bad, behavior increases as a result

Punishment Stimulus

presentation of a negative consequence that causes a decrease in the behavior

Positive Punishment

add something bad, behavior decreases

Negative Punishment

remove something good, behavior decreases

Schedules of Reinforcement

timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced

Fixed-Ratio

response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses

Variable-Ratio Schedules

response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedules

response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed

Variable-Interval Schedules

response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Observational Learning

the process of watching others and then imitating what they do

Latent Learning

one can learn something but not show the behavior right away

Insight Learning

sudden realization of a problem's solution that "just came to you" (Kohler)

Learned Helplessness

organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman)