Studied by 2 people
violent chills
high fever, headaches, nausea, vomiting, rapid pulse
intense sweating
symptoms subside and person is exhausted
repeats
Morphology: i. Troph is 20-30 um, amoeboid with blunt pseudopodia, one nucleus with smooth chromatin, small central endosome ii. Cyst is 10-20 um, spereical, 4 nuclei, cigar-shaped chromatoidal bars
Taxonomy: Amoeba
Life Cycle: ineffective stage is the cyst, remain viable for up to a month, ingested in contaminated food or water; trophs live in large intestine within crypts of lining, may live indefinitely there
Geographic Distribution: worldwide but most common in tropics and subtropics
Symptoms: abdominal discomfort, intense pain localized on right side, dysentery; few actually ever have clinical signs
Pathology: primary ulcer, liver abscesses, heptic amebiasis, pulmonary amebiasis, cerebral amebiasis
Diagnosis: fecal smear, nested PCR, monoclonal antibody methods, biopsy, ELISA
Epidemiology: contaminated or polluted water, contaminated food, mechanical contamination
Prognosis/Drug of Choice: 90% recovery with flagyl (metronizazole)
Morphology: i. Cysts have 8 nuclei, splinter-like chromatid bars ii. Trophs have off centered endosome with lumpy chromatin
Taxonomy: Amoeba
Life Cycle: ineffective stage is the cyst, remain viable for up to a month, ingested in contaminated food or water; trophs live in large intestine within crypts of lining, may live indefinitely there
Geographic Distribution: worldwide but most common in tropics and subtropics
Epidemiology: contaminated or polluted water, contaminated food, mechanical contamination
Morphology: troph only, no cyst
Taxonomy: Amoeba
Life Cycle: live in mouth on teeth and gums; hosts are humans, other primates, dogs, and cats
Epidemiology: transmission mouth to mouth, droplet spray, or sharing eating utensils
Morphology: trophs are tiny (6-15 um), large glycogen vacuoles; cysts are 5-14 um, 4 nuclei and elliptical; endosome big and blobby
Taxonomy: Amoeba
Life Cycle: found in large intestine near cecum, feed on bacteria
Geographic Distribution: 30% worldwide
Morphology: endosome has tiny vacuoles around it; trophs are 9-4um; cysts are 6-15um with very large vacuole and one nuclei
Taxonomy: Amoeba
Life Cycle: lives in large intestine
Geographic Distribution: France and Egypt
Epidemiology: no very common endocommensal in people but very common in pigs
Morphology: no cyst cycle; 2 fragmented nuclei; very small
Taxonomy: not actually an amoeba
Life Cycle: does not form cysts; trophs cannot survive passage through small intestine; humans most likely get infected when ingesting pinworm eggs
Morphology: only trophs, no cyst stage; irregular shape
Taxonomy:
Life Cycle: transmission is within the egg of the cecum nematode that young birds then eat
Symptoms: ruffled feathers, dark skin pigment, hang wings/tail
Pathology: young turkeys are more susceptible to the infection than chickens; mortality can reach 100%
Morphology: free living in water and soil; heat loving; can be found in river/lake sediment
Taxonomy: Percolozoa
Life Cycle: contains cyst and troph
Geographic Distribution: worldwide in warm/hot freshwater
Symptoms: headache, fever, neck rigidity, mental confusion, coma, and death
Pathology: enters nose and naval cavities, trophs migrate to the cranium, trophs rapidly divide and cause brain tissue destruction; death usually occurs due to brain destruction; Primary Amebic Mengoencephalitis (PAM)
Epidemiology: person going swimming in infected water and getting water up their nose
Prognosis/Drug of Choice: 97% fatality rate, some drugs are affective however to what extent is unknown as most patients die
Morphology: trophs only occur as amoeboid forms
Life Cycle: free living trophs and cysts occur in both soil and freshwater
Symptoms: foreign body sensations, severe ocular pain, photophobia, blurred vision
Pathology: enlarged corneal nerve (keratoneuritis), scleritis in advanced cases
Epidemiology: people who wear contact lenses trying to make their own saline
Prognosis/Drug of Choice: early diagnosis important; topical anti-amoeba agents; penetrating keratoplasy in severe cases
Morphology: troph is the only stage present; 7-32um long and 5-12um wide
Taxonomy: Metamonada
Life Cycle: trophs only, no cysts
Geographic Distribution: worldwide
Symptoms: usually none; males do not show any symptoms; in women: chaffing, itching, frothing/clear/creamy discharge (Leuhurrhea)
Pathology: severe cases lead to disintegration of vaginal epithelial lining; tophs can survive in low pH; does not explain stillbirths, spontaneous abortions, or death in women
Diagnosis: vaginal smear
Epidemiology: sexual contact, soiled clothing, sharing towel; can live for up to a day in clothing
Prognosis/Drug of Choice: Flagyl for 4-5 days; reinfection can happen almost immediately so partner also needs to take drug; 100% recovery
Pathology: associated with periodontal disease but does not cause this, non-pathogenic
Epidemiology: transmitted orally by kissing, sharing food/drinks
Morphology: undulating membrane, free flagella, 5 anterior flagella
Life Cycle: non-pathogenic, endocommensal, found in large intestine/cecum
Epidemiology: ingestion of troph in contaminated water; indicates poor hygeiene and sanitation
Morphology: trophs have 4 flagella and is tear drop shaped; cysts have single nucleus and retracted flagella and are lemon shaped
Life Cycle: water-borne endocommensal, non-pathogenic
Epidemiology: indicates poor hygeiene and sanitation
Morphology: i. Troph: bi nucleated, 12-15um, ventral adhesive disk, 8 flagella, median bodies ii. Cysts: oval shape, 8-12um long, 4 nuclei, flagella shorten and retract, axonemes
Taxonomy: Metamonada (also called G. lamblia or G. intestinalis)
Life Cycle: Trophs live in upper small intestine and attach to epithelail cells, feed on mucus, absorbs vitamins and amino acids; cysts form when trophs become dehydrated while passing through large intestine; cysts can stay in external environment for several months
Geographic Distribution: worldwide (ex. Colorado ski resorts, daycare centers)
Symptoms: ranges from none to abdominal discomfort causing acute/chronic diarrhea (grey, greasy, voluminous, malodorous diarrhea)
Pathology: nutrient malabsorption and physical blockage with damage to microvilli; fat/CHO digestion decreases, absorption decreases, both cause malabsorption and maldigestion
Diagnosis: at least 3 exams before determination, ELISA test, PCR
Epidemiology: ingesting cyst through contaminated water, most common intestinal flagellate of people, reservoir hosts are beavers, cats, and dogs
Prognosis/Drug of Choice: flagyl; not hard to treat but have to keep those who were infected from becoming reinfected
Morphology: amastigotes (round, internal flagellum) in humans and promastigotes (flagellum at anterior end of flagulate) in sand flies
Taxonomy: Euglenozoa
Life Cycle: Amastigotes and promastigotes
Geographic Distribution: eastern and central Africa, Eastern India, Eastern and Northern China
Symptoms: Kala-Azar: headache, fever, wasting disease, emancipation, bleeding from mucous membrane, dysentery, anemia, Hepatosplenomegaly (Cardinal symptom, enlargement of liver and spleen)
Pathology: visceral leishmanisis: invasion of white blood cells (macrophages), body cannot produce RBC because all energy is going towards making more macrophages, hyperplasia (excessive proliferation of normal cells in the normal tissue of an organ), amastigotes
Diagnosis: ELISA, IFA (indirect fluorescent antibody test), best way is to do a biopsy of liver or spleen (invasive and uncomfortable)
Epidemiology: vector is Phlebotomus argentipes (sand fly), female sand fly ingest macrophage with amastigotes, sand fly becomes infected with promastigotes and ingests fruit juice, proboscises becomes filled with promastigotes, female sand fly takes blood meal from human ejecting promastigotes into bloodstream, promastigotes then infect macrophages turning into amastigotes
Prognosis/Drug of Choice: antimony compounds (arsenic, extremely toxic), Pentamidine, without treatment it will lead to fatality, however you might also die from the treatment itself
