Physical Geography Exam 2 pt.3

Relationship between minerals and rocks

A rock is aggregate (several) mineral grains

what is a mineral

it naturally occurs, inorganic, have specific chemical formula, have specific crystalline structure

what is a rock

it is multiple mineral types or grain of a single mineral type

what are the 3 rock categories

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Intrusive igneous rock

from magma (beneath surface), slow-cooled, large grains

examples of intrusive igneous rocks

granite, gabbro

extrusive igneous rock

from lava (on earth’s surface), fast-cooled, small grains

examples of extrusive igneous rocks

basalt, pumice, obsidian

What are sediments

particles of rocks, minerals, and organic material that are weathered, eroded, or deposited from wind, water, or ice

What are the 3 types of sediments

Clastic, chemical precipitate, and organic sediments

Clastic sediment

classified by size (clay, silt, sand, gravel)

Chemical precipitate

minerals left behind after water evaporates

Organic sediments

formed from plant/animal remains

what are metamorphic rocks

any preexisting rock changed into a new rock

How does metamorphic rocks go from one to another

by heat and/or pressure, the atoms are rearranged, and it is stronger than the original

examples of metamorphic rocks

sandstone —> quartzite, shale —> slate, limestone —> marble, fine grained —> schist, coarse grained —> gneiss

what are the 3 tectonic forces

Compressional, tensional, and shearing

What is compressional

folding and faulting - pushing together

what is tensional

pulling apart, no folding, faulting-break and slide horst is upthrown fault block, graben is downdropped fault block

what is shearing

moving past each other, blocks break and slide past each other, forms lateral faults

what is folding in compressional

(bending), rocks bendable, forces slow, Appalachian mountains are folded

what is faulting

(breaking and sliding), rocks are brittle, forces fast

what are the 5 types of landforms made by eruption of extrusive igneous rock matter

lava flow, shield volcanoes, cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and caldera

Lava flows

basalt, low viscosity so flows easily, magma forms mountain

Shield volcanoes

basaltic, large pile, largest type of volcano

Cinder cones

smallest type of volcano, ryholite, high viscosity - explosion (no build up)

Composite volcano

shield and cinder cone features, andesite, intermediate viscosity, VERY dangerous, erupts violently

Caldera

giant basin formed after major eruption of composite volcano