APES Unit 3

Flashcards on important vocabulary terms and equations from AP Environmental Science Unit 3!

Family Planning

The effort to plan the number and spacing of ones children so they can have the highest quality of life possible

Demographic Transition

The change in a population from high birth and death rates to one in which people live longer and have smaller families.

Per Capita

For each person

Cohort

A group of individuals with something (ie age, gender) in common

Age Structure Diagram

A diagram showing the distribution of ages of females and males within a population

Population Momentum

The tendency of a population to continue to grow despite the birth rate being at replacement level

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman will have

Replacement Level Fertility

The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next (2.1)

Infant Mortality Rate

The rate of infants dying (high=not developed, low=developed)

Biotic Potential

The maximum population growth rate of a species

Developing Country

A country that is industrializing and rapidly growing in population

Developed Country

A country that has industrialized and has a large and slowly increasing or stable population

Emigration

The movement of people Exiting an area

Immigration

The movement of people Into an area

Growth Rate

The rate at which a population increases or decreases in a given time period, usually expressed as a percentage.

Growth Rate Equation

(birth+immigration)-(death+emigration)/total population x 100

Crude Growth Rate Equation

birth rate - death rate/total population x 100

Doubling Time

70/r

Death Rate

The number of deaths occurring in a given time divided by that time in years

Birth Rate

The number of live births over a period of time divided by that time in years

Population Density

Population per unit land area

(# of individuals/area)

Survivorship: Type 3

Populations that have a high death rates among the young but a relatively low death rate for those who survive into mid/old age (usually r-selected species)

Survivorship: Type 2

A population with a roughly constant mortality rate for the whole species throughout its entire life

Survivorship: Type 1

Populations whose organisms tend to survive beyond young and middle age and die once elderly. (usually K-selected)

Density Independent Factors

A limiting factor that impacts populations regardless of their density (ex: wildfire, flood)

Density Dependent Factors

A limiting factor reliant/based on population density (ex: food, water, disease)

Limiting Factors

A factor that limits a populations growth, abundance, or distribution

Overshoot

When a population exceeds its carrying capacity generally followed by a population crash and resource depletion

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population that a given area can sustain

r-Selected

A species that gives birth to many offspring at once and provides little to no parental care

K-Selected

A species that has few offspring at a time and cares for them until they reach maturity

Logistic Growth

Occurs when a population grows exponentially then slows, and eventually levels out

Exponential Growth

Growth that occurs rapidly and generally under ideal environmental conditions

Generalist

An organism that can consume a lot of things and has a wide range of tolerance

Specialist

A species that can exist only in certain conditions with specific foods they can eat