Biology 1 Honors EOC

One of the EOC review sets I found on Quizlet

A compound is made up of...

2 or more elements

What is an organic compound?

a compound that contains carbon atoms that have been combined with each other

What is an inorganic compound?

a compound with no combination of carbon atoms

What are the four types of organic compounds? (Macromolecules and Polymers)

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

What are Carbohydrates?

sugars used for short term energy

What are Lipids?

Fats and oils used for long term energy, insulation, steroids

What are Proteins?

made up of amino acids; used for construction materials and chemical reactions in the body

What are Enzymes?

special types of proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body but are not changed by the reactions

What are Nucleic Acids?

DNA and RNA; contain genetic information

What are ATP? (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A nucleotide that contains a large amount of chemical energy stored in it's high-energy phosphate bonds. Releases energy when it's broken down into ADP. The energy is used for metabolic processes. (universal energy)

Cell Theory?

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure + function in an organism
3. Cells are produced from the reproduction of living cells

Unicellular? Multicellular?

Organisms made of 1 cell. Organisms made of many cells.

Cells contain organelles. What are organelles?

specialized compartments that carry out a specific function

Eukaryotic Cells?

cells contain a nucleus, such as animal and plant cells

Prokaryotic Cells?

cells contain no nucleus, such as bacteria

Animal Cells?

usually round, many organelles

nucleus?

controls cells activities

cell membrane?

controls what enters and leaves the cell and also leaves the cell

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

tunnels for compounds to move through the cell

golgi bodies?

processes and stores protein

ribosomes?

makes proteins

mitochondria?

makes energy for the cell

lysosomes?

has enzymes that digest waste and old organelles (janitors closet)

cytoplasm?

fluid that fills the empty space of the cell

vacuole?

stores food, water, and waste

centrioles?

help in cell division (only animal cells, not plant)

Plant Cells?

larger vacuoles, more rectangular, has all the organelles an animal cell has and a few more.

chlorplast?

(plant) traps sunlight to make food for the plant

cell wall?

(plant) protects the cell

bacterial cells

1. smaller and simpler than plant and animal cells
2. uni-cellular
3. no nucleus (prokaryotic)

what organelles do bacterial cells have?

* single looped DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
* some have a capsule (for protection)

what do bacterial have that other cells don't?

* cilia (hair like structures to hold onto host cells)
* flagella (whip like structure for movement)

what is the cell membrane made of?

phospholipids

what is the phospholipid bilayer?

2 layers of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane

what is special about the cell membrane?

it is fluid, which means that is constantly moving and flowing over the cell and it is selectively permiable, which means it allows small compounds, not large ones to flow right through

What are the two different ways materials are transported across the membrane?

passive transport and active transport

what is diffusion?

(passive transport) compounds move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

what is osmosis?

(passive transport) diffusion of water

what is active transport?

requires energy

what is passive transport?

doesn't require energy

what is endocytosis?

(in) large compounds are brought into the cell

what is exocytosis?

(out) large compounds are exported out of the cell

what is the sodium-potassium pump (k+/na+ pump)?

the process of moving sodium and potassium across the cell membrane involving the hydrolysis of ATP

what is a hypotonic solution?

solution that causes water to move into the cell so the cell swells up

what is a hypertonic solution?

solution that causes water to move out of the cell so the cell shrivels up

what is an isotonic solution?

solution that causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell

what is photosynthesis?

process by which organisms use energy from sunlight to make their own food (glucose- simple sugar)

where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts (chlorophyll- green pigment) of plant cells and some bacteria

Steps of Photosynthesis?

1. Light Reaction- chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight, ATP is made, H2O splits
2. Dark Reaction- the energy from the sunlight is used to make glucose (calvin cycle- carbon fixation- CO2 -> C6H12O6)
3. -Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy (glucose)

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -\> C6H12O6 + O2

what is cellular respiration?

process that breaks down glucose in order to make energy for an organism

where does cellular respiration occur?

the mitochondria

what are the two types of respiration?

\-aerobic (requires oxygen to occur, animals + plants)

\-anaerobic (doesn't require oxygen to occur) (bacteria + yeast)

What is the process of aerobic respiration?

Step 1) Glycolosis: glucose is cut in half (cellular respiration)- in cytoplasm, produces pyruvate

Step 2) Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb's Cycle: glucose halves get electrons chopped off of them - 2FADH, 2ATP, 6NADH

Step 3) Electron Transport Chain: electrons combine with oxygen and are used to make a lot of ATP (36)

* Aerobic respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis

what is the chemical equation for respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 -\> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy (opp. of photosynthesis)

What is anaerobic respiration? -aka fermentation

two types:

\-lactate fermentation in muscle cells

\-alcoholic fermentation in yeast produces ethanol

makes less ATP than aerobic respiration (most efficient)

what are chromosomes?

\-DNA strands located in the nucleus that contain the directions on how to keep an organism alive

\-made of genes, which are traits of an organism, segments of DNA that code for proteins

What are diploid cells?

2 of each type of chromosome

what is the cell makeup of humans?

we have mostly diploid cells, 23 types of chromosomes (not all organisms have this), 46 chromosomes in all.

23 from mom + 23 from dad =46

What are haploid cells?

(human gametes - sperm + egg cells) they have 1 of each type of chromosome, 23 chromosomes in all

what are autosomes?

chromosomes that do not determine gender (chromosome \#s 1-22

what are sex chromsomes?

chromosomes that determine gender (23rd pair) Girls- XX Boys- XY

What is a karyotype?

ordered picture of an organisms chromosomes

\-healthy individuals have 2 of each type of chromosome

\-individuals w/ Down Syndrome have 3 #21 chromosomes

what is the cell cycle?

the phases in the life of a cell -Mitosis, G1, S, G2, Mitosis again (G1, S, G2- interphase, longest phase)

What is the M Phase?

Mitosis (cell division) occurs (divided into 4 phases)

Chromosomes must be copied before mitosis so that new cells can receive the same chromosomes found in the old cells

What is the G1 Phase?

Cell grows

What is the S Phase?

DNA synthesis (chromosomes are copied)

What is the G2 Phase?

Cell grows

What is mitosis?

Division of a cell into 2 identical cells, before mitosis chromosomes have copied

What are sister chromatids?

original chromosome and it's exact copied are attatched to each other

What are the phases of mitosis?

1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase

What is prophase?

Nuclear membrane falls apart and the spindle fibers begin to form

What is metaphase?

Sister chromatids line up in the middle along the spindle fibers

What is anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

What is telophase?

Spindle fibers breaks down and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

What is cytokenesis?

Occurs when the cytoplasm actually divides, forming 2 new cells (identical)

What is meiosis and what is its purpose?

cell division that produces gametes (sex cells), such as sperm and egg cells

purpose: halves the # of chromosomes

What is fertilization?

Process of an egg and sperm cell combining to produce a zygote

What is a zygote?

Baby that is only 1 cell big (a fertilized egg)

What happens before meiosis?

each chromosome doubles (replicated chromosome- from S phase)

Describe MEIOSIS 1

Chromosome pairs separate into 2 new cells

\-prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1

\-in anaphase 1 (meiosis) the sister chromatids stay attatched

\-crossing over occurs during prophase 1, here homologous chromosomes swap genetic material during tetrad synapsis (allows fro genetic variation- increases genetic variation)

Describe MEIOSIS 2

Each chromosome separates from its copy into 4 new cells

\-prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

\-in anaphase 2, the sister chromatids separate

Whats the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

mitosis- one cell becomes 2

meiosis- one cell becomes 4

DNA

\-deoxyribonucleic acid \n -makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus and never leaves the nucleus \n -a chromosmome is a chain of different genes (and non-coding parts- about 30,000 genes in humans) \n -double-helix shape \n -4 bases- adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)

What is the DNA bases rule/system?

Adenine binds to Thymine and Guanine binds to Cytosine \n DNA is complementary which means the bases on one strand match up to the bases on the other strand \n Ex. ATG CCT GAC TAC GGA CTG

What is semi-conservative replication?

the process by which DNA copies itself and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand

RNA

\-Ribonucleic Acid \n -a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm that tells the cell what to do in order to stay alive \n -single stranded

What is the RNA bases rule/system?

\-Has Uracil instead of Thymine \n -U binds to A and G binds to C \n - If the DNA is ATG CCA AAG \n Then RNA is UAC GGU UUC

Using DNA to make proteins

1. Transcription: DNA in the nucleus is used to messenger RNA (mRNA) \n -DNA had all the directions the cell needs to live
2. RNA moves out into the cytoplasm \n -RNA carries all the directions to the other parts of the cell
3. Translation: The RNA attaches to the ribosome and directs the production of a protein \n -Proteins do all the work in the cell \n -Every 3 bases in RNA is called a codon and codes for 1 Amino Acid

What are restriction enzymes?

Biologists use these bacterial proteins to cut long Dna molecules into shorter ones.

What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

Technique that quickly produces many copies of a DNA fragment

What is DNA Electrophoresis?

DNA fragments can be studied with this technique which separates nucleic acids or protein according to their size and charge

What is Recombinant DNA?

Results when DNA from 2 different organisms is formed

What is a point mutation?

The substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide- which is a change within a single gene or other segment of DNA on a chromosome

What is a substitution?

one nucleotide replaces another \n -if this occurs in a codon, the amino acid can be changed

What is a deletion/insertion?

when one or more nucleotides in a gene are lost/gained

\-this can lead to a frameshift mutation

What is a frameshift mutation?

when a deletion or an insertion of a nucleotide in a codon causes an incorrect grouping of the remaining codons causing all amino acids to downstream change

What is a mutation?

a change in a gene or chromosome

Mutation in a body cell?

only affects the organism that carries it

Mutation in a sex cell?

can be passed on to offspring