Organic Chem test 1

Hydrocarbon

Compound with only hydrogen and carbon

Empirical formula

Simplest whole number ratio

Molecular formular

Actual number of each element in compound

General formula

Represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds

Structural formula

Shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule

Displayed formula

Diagram showing structure with bonds shown

Homologous series

Series of compounds with the same general formula and similar properties

Functional group

A group of atoms responsible for the chemical reactions of a compound

Isomerism

Compounds with the same molecular formula exist in different forms due to different arrangements of atoms

Prefix for compound with one carbon

Meth-

Prefix for compound with 2 carbons

Eth-

Prefix for compound with 3 carbons

Prop-

Prefix for compound with 4 carbons

But-

Suffix for alkanes

-ane

Suffix for alkenes

-ene

Suffix for alcohols

-ol

How many products in addition reactions

One product

How many products in substitution reactions

Two products

What reacts during combustion

A fuel reacts with oxygen

what is crude oil

A mixture of hydrocarbons

Describe process of fractional distillation to separate crude oil into fractions

• The oil is heated in a fractionating column

• Oil evaporates and condenses at different temperatures

Main uses of refinery gases

Domestic heating and cooking

Main uses of gasoline/ petrol

Fuel for cars

Main uses of kerosene

Fuel for aircraft

Main uses of diesel

Fuel for some cars and trains

Main uses of fuel oil

Fuel for large ships

Main uses of bitumen

Surface roads and roofs

Shorter molecules have a higher/ lower boiling point

Lower

Shorter molecules are more/less viscous

Less

Longer molecules are darker/lighter

Darker

Fuel

A substance that when burned releases heat energy

Products of complete combustion

CO2 and H2O

Products of incomplete combustion

CO or soot

Why is carbon monoxide bad?

causes red blood cells to carry less oxygen around the body as less oxygen binds to the haemoglobin. this can lead to difficulties breathing

Forming oxides of nitrogen in car engine

When temperature is high enough nitrogen and oxygen react in the air

Why does the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels lead to the formation of sulfur dioxide?

Most fuels contain sulfur. When they are burnt the sulfur is oxidised to produce sulfur dioxide

How do sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain?

Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen react with rain water to create H+ ions

How are long-chain alkanes converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes?

Catalytic cracking

How are hydrocarbons cracked?

• heat the hydrocarbon to vaporise it

• vapours are passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated so that thermal decomposition can occur

Why is cracking necessary in terms of the balance between supply and demand of factions?

• Demand for shorter-chain alkanes is high

• Supply for longer-chain alkanes is high

• Therefore an alternative to create shorter-chained alkanes from longer-chained alkanes is necessary

General formula of alkanes

Cn H2n+2

Why are alkenes saturated

All Carbon bonds have hydrogens

Halogen + alkane reaction

Alkane + halogen -UV light→ halogenoalkane + hydrogenhalide

(Substitution)

general formula of alkenes

Cn H2n

Reaction with alkene and bromine

Alkene + bromine —> dibromoalkane

(Addition)

Alkene and bromine water

Turns orange to colourless

Alkanes and bromine water

Stays orange

Suffix for carboxylic acids

-anoic acid