Asian101 SDSU Final Exam

1850s

Imigrants from Southern China

By 1870

Chinese Immigrants 20% of CA workforce

1882

Chinese Exclusion Act

1885-1907

Immigration from Japan. Ended with "Gentlemans Agreement".

1905

Immigration from Korea

Early 1900s

Immigration from India and Philippines

1913

CA Alien Land Law

1922-23

Supreme Court Cases on Race: decided that people of asian decent weren't white and couldn't become naturalized citizens

Immigration Act of 1924

Banned immigration from Asian countries (except Philippines)

Japanese Incarceration 1942-46

Concentration camps, 120,000 people

Immigration Act of 1965

-Re-opened the doors to Asian Immigrants

-Preference for highly educated immigrants

-preference for family reunification

Southeast Asian War Refugees 1970s

-Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos

-1.2 million immigrants since 1975

Problem with grouping all Asian-Americans together

There are so many groups that statistics wouldn't be accurate

"Yellow Peril"

Described people of Asian decent as Unclean and Harboring Diseases (Stereotype)

"Chinese Virus"

Trump called the Covid-19 virus the Chinese virus targeting the Asian community and fueled anti-asian racism

Myth of the Model Minority

-Ignores diversity within Asian-American demographic group

-Used to oppress other minority groups

The Bamboo Ceiling

Asian-Americans are underrepresented in business leadership positions

Yellowface, Whitewashing

Yellowface: white actor trying to appear as Asian.

Whitewashing: Casting white actors in non-white roles

Marked Category

Asian-Americans occupy a marked category.

They are rarely seen as being full American, as belonging here.

Companionate Marriage

Traditionally: Marriage for political or economic benefit of the family

Now: Marriage for love or friendship, benefit of the couple

Patriarchal

Men are in charge of the family

Patrilineal

Father pass family name and wealth down to son

Patrilocal

After marriage, husband continues to live in childhood home

Matriarchal

Women are in charge of the family

Matrilineal

Mothers pass family name and wealth to daughters

Matrilocal

After Marriage, wife continues to live in childhood home

Compulsory Heterosexuality

Social pressure to marry someone of opposite sex and produce children

China - Bride price

Money or goods given from grooms family to brides family

-outlawed after communist revolution

-came back into practice in 1970s with increased spending power

China - Sheng Nu

Leftover women

India - Arranged Marriage

Seen as the norm, parents find partner for them, "love marriage" seen as rejection of the family

India - Dowry

Money or goods given from bride's family to grooms family

India - Marriage-related violence

-Continued dowry demands

-Retaliation for elopement

Minangkabau society

matrilineal: mothers pass name and property onto daughters

Duolocal: Wife lives at mothers house, husband comes at night but belongs to his mothers house. Husband responciple for raising sisters children.

Mosuo Society

Matrilineal, duolocal, walking marriage (women and men have short-term sexual relationships)

Same-Sex Marriage in Asia

Activists fighting

In some parts of Asia, same-sex marriage is banned

Taiwan: only country in Asia where same-sex marriage is legal

gender roles

Expected behavior based on a person's gender

Gender Expression

How a person outwardly presents their gender

Gender Identity

How a person self-identifies

Gender Attribution

How other people identify a person's gender

gender roles in china - Han Dynasty

Why can't women have equal education?

gender roles in china - Mid-20th century

Reforms:

-Women had more rights in marriage

-Women had better economic security

Problems:

-Men got better jobs

-Women had to work "second shift"

-Women were still outsiders in their husbands homes

One Child Policy

restricted families to only one child

One Child Policy - effects on mothers

Positive: Women freed from heavy childbearing duties

Negative: Loss of control over reproduction and family size

One Child Policy - effects on daughters

Positive:

-Women get more educational opportunities

-Women have more power in managing money

Two-child policy

Women are encouraged to marry young and produce two children

India: Hijra

-Third Gender (not male or female)

-Feminine appearance, not behavior

-leaves family to join Hijra community

Ardhanarishvara

Simultaneously male and female

Brihannala

Transgender

Ritual Power

Hijras have ritual power to bless or curse, from tapas

Tapas

Inner heat generated by activities like abstaining from sex

Waria

Identify as men with womans soul

Shinta Ratri

founded Islamic school for waria

Biomedicine and TCM (traditional chinese medicine)

Biomedicine: Body as machine

TCM: Holistic view of the body and its environment

TCM - The Three Treasures

Jing: Essence, Growth Development

Qi: Life force, Movement

Shen: Mind/Spirit, Emotions

Yin and Yang in TCM

Yang: Red face, strong voice, strong

Yin: Pale face, low voice, weak

Treatments in TCM

-Acupuncture

-Qigong (locate and move your qi)

-Herbs (no side effects)

Ayurveda: Doshas

-Vata: Movement, Breathing, Blinking

Excess: Fear and Anxiety

-Pitta: Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism

Excess: Anger, Hatred, Jealousy

-Kapha: Lubrication, Moisture, Immunity

Excess: Attachment, greed, envy

How Tcm and Ayurveda find legitamacy

legitimacy comes from tradition

Nation vs. State

State: territory with government and permanent population

Nation: Imagined political community socially constructed by its members

National Culture is actively produced

Some traditions are highlighted and some downplayed to support their agenda

Clothing - Modernity vs. Tradition

Sometimes western clothing to present country as "modern", sometimes indigenous clothing to differentiate themselves

Gender - Clothing

Men would wear western dresses, women would wear traditional dresses

Clothing - Barong tagalog and terno in Phillippines

Barong tagalog became daily attire for men beginning in the 1950s

Women stopped wearing Terno

Water puppetry in Vietnam

Puppet shows originally for local community, showed rural life and spirituality. Now used for tourism and changed for more universal themes

Cultural authenticity

pure or untouched by outside influence, tourists want "authentic" culture

Food and colonization

colonization changed what people ate

Food and Social Hiearchy

Thailand:

Extremely spicy food is associated with working class

Less spicy food is for higher social classes

China:

Older served first, highest social status pays at resturant

Commensality/Caste food - India

lower caste forbiden of touching cooked food of upper class

vegaterian food: brahmins, highest caste

non vegitarian food: muslims, some lower caste groups

korea food and national identity

kimchi - fermented cabage

Brahman

God that emcompases other gods

Atman

Soul

Karma

Fruits of our actions, good or bad karma sticks with our atman

Samsara

cycle of reincarnation

Moksha

Escape from the cycle of rebirth/reincarnation

Maya

illusion holding us down to the world

Dharma

responcibility, path we must take in life

Sidartha Gautama life

raised as prince, learned about suffering, reached nirvana, 8-fold path

Four Noble Truths

-All existense is suffering

-suffering is caused by desires

-it is possible to stop suffering

-the 8-fold path leads to this possibility

Confusionism - Li, Ren, Xiao

Li - the right way to do things

Ren - Human-heartedness, love in our hearts

Xiao - filal piety

Daoism - the dao

force that keeps the universe in motion

daoism - the ten thousand things

part of the dao, used to be perfectly whole, but became many things we see (objects)

daoism - yin/yang

opposite and complimentary aspects of the world

Shamanism

Shaman (mediator between human and spirit realm)

Korean: mudong - ritual:gut

Hmoung: Txiv neeb

zazen

meditation

koan

paradox for meditation

mindwaves

thoughts that come into mind

mind weeds

way of seeing mind waves

transience

idea that everything is changing

Animism

belief that aspects of nature contain spirits

kami

gods/godesses/spirits

ling hon

soul

bayanihan

originally meant local community, now streached to include entire nation

Monotheism

one god