Chap 5.3: Digestive system ( pathology)

anorexia (n) ( biếng ăn/ chán ăn)

Lack of appetite

ascites ( cổ trướng)

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

borborygmi (singular: borborygmus) ( nhu động ruột)

Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

constipation ( Táo bón)

Difficulty in passing stools ( feces)

Diarrhea ( tiêu chảy)

Frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Dysphasia ( khó nuốt)

Difficulty in swallowing

eructation ( ợ hơi)

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Flatus ( hơi chứa trong ruột)

Gas expelled through the anus

hematochezia ( đi phân ra máu - đỏ tươi)

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

jaundice (icterus) ( vàng da)

Yellow- orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by heigh levels of bilirubin on the blood ( hyperbilirubinemia)

melena ( phân đen)

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

nausea (buồn nôn)

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit

steatorrhea ( may occur with disease pancreatitis)

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

aphthous stomatitis ( viêm miệng)

Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers.

Dental caries ( sâu răng)

Tooth decay

Dental plaque ( mảng bám nha khoa)

herpetic stomatitis ( viện miệng do vi khuẩn Hp)

Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

oral leukoplakia ( mảng trắng ở niêm mạc miệng)

White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth (this precancerous can result from chronic tobacco use pipe smoking)

Periodontal disease ( bệnh nha chu)

Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

Achalasia

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

esophageal cancer

malignant tumor of the esophagus. Most common symptom is dysphagia. Smoking and chronic alcohol use major risk factors.

esophageal varices ( giãn TM thực quản )

Swollen, Varicose veins at the lower and of the esophagus

gastric cancer

Malignant tumor of the stomach. Smoking, alcohol use, and chronic gastritis associated with bacterial infection are major risk factors for gastric carcinoma. Gastric endoscopy and biopsy diagnose the condition. Cure depends on early detection and surgical removal.

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) ( bệnh trào ngược dạ dày thực quản)

Solid and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach ( heartburn-ợ nóng)

Hernia ( thoát vị)

Protrusion of an organ or part through the tissue and muscles normally containing it ( hiatal hernia - thoát vị hoành; inguinal hernia - thoát vị bẹn)

peptic ulcer ( loét dạ dày)

Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

anal fistula ( lỗ rò hậu môn)

Abnormal tube - like passageway near the anus

Colonic polyps ( polyp đại tràng)

Polyps ( benign growth) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

Crohn disease ( crohn's)

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tracts

( viêm đường ruột mãn tính ) inflammation bowel disease - IBD ( viêm ruột)

Diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings - túi thừa (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon

dysentery ( bệnh lỵ)

Painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacteria infection

Hemorrhoids ( bệnh trĩ )

Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.

ileus ( tắc ruột)

Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Inflammation bowel disease - IBD

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

intussusception ( sự hấp thụ)

Telescoping of the intestines

irritable bowel syndrome - IBS ( HC kích thích đường ruột)

Group of GI symptoms ( abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation), but without abnormalities in the intestines

ulcerative colitis - UC ( viêm đại tràng)

Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

volvulus ( xoắn ruột)

Twisting of the intestines on itself

cholelithiasis ( sỏi túi mật)

Gallstones in the gallbladder

Cirrhosis ( xơ gan)

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver

pancreatic cancer

a life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas. Malignant tumor of the pancreas

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

viral hepatitis ( viêm gan virus)

Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus